P

Ostrich, observations on its remarkable fleetness, Job 39:13, 18. Natural history of this bird, as given by Dr. Shaw, Job 39:30, in fine; Micah 1:8.

Oth, ta, translated sign, inquiry into its import, Genesis 1:14; Deuteronomy 13:1.

Ottoman court, conjecture why called the Porte, Isaiah 29:21. Ovid’s account of the ceremonies used in laying the foundations of the walls of the city of Rome by Romulus, Nehemiah 12:27. The fable of Daedalus and Icarus very beautifully moralized by this great Roman poet, Proverbs 25:7.

Ox, particular description of its four stomachs, Leviticus 11:3. This animal an object of idolatrous worship among the ancient Egyptians, Hosea 8:5.

Oxen, the Hebrew word thus rendered most clearly a corruption of the sacred text, 2 Chronicles 4:3.

Oxurunchus, an Egyptian idol, Exodus 20:4.

Oxygen, a constituent part of water, Genesis 7:11; 8:1; Job 38:26; Jeremiah 10:13.

P

Padan - aram, the same with Mesopotamia, Genesis 35:26. Pagan priests believed by their adherents to have been able to walk on burning coals unhurt, Daniel 3:27. Quotation from Virgil in illustration of this circumstance, ibid. How the feet of the priests were enabled to resist the action of the fire, according to Varro, ibid. Pagans, notion among the, that every district had its tutelary deity, who could do nothing out of his own sphere, 1 Kings 20:23; 2 Kings 17:25.

Pall, ceremony of the, among the Romanists, 1 Kings 19:21, in fine. Pallacopas or Naharaga, a canal made by Nebuchadnezzar, by which the redundant waters of the Euphrates were carried into a vast lake forty miles square, Isaiah 44:27.

Palladium, the Greeks employed all their artifice to steal away this from the Trojans, and why, Numbers 22:6. Conjecture that the Trojan palladium was an aerolith, Joshua 10:11.

Pallas, distances from the sun and earth, diameter, and relative surface and volume, of this primary planet, Genesis 1:1.

Palliatus, why this word is used to signify a Greek, 1 Kings 19:21, in fine.

Palma Christi, account of the, as given by Celsus, Jonah 4:6. Palm tree, its description and various uses, Psalm 92:12. Leaves of the palm tree used in the East instead of paper. Job 19:23. Palm wine, how made by the ancients, according to Pliny, Isaiah 5:11. The Jews had plenty of this wine, ibid. According to Theodoret and Chrysostom, the same with the rkc sacar of the Hebrews, and the dikera of the Greeks, ibid.

Palmyra, some account of the ruins of, 1 Kings 9:18. Panoply, ordinary weight of a soldier’s, according to Plutarch, 1 Samuel 17:7.

Paphlagonians, conjecture concerning their origin, Genesis 10:3. Papyrus of Egypt, description and use of this very celebrated plant, Exodus 2:3; Esther 10:3, in fine; Isaiah 18:1. Its Linnaean classification and description, Job 8:11. Gerarde’s account of this plant, ibid.

Parable or allegory, example of a, in which a variety of images are employed, all taken from the science of agriculture, Isaiah 28:23 - 28. Parabolic style of the Hebrews, some very striking examples of the, Isaiah 2:13 - 16; 13:10; 24:21 - 23; 27:1; 41:19; 42:7; 48:21; Isaiah 49:23; 54:11, 12; 55:13; 60:1, in principio. Paradise, its derivation and import, Genesis 2:8; Ecclesiastes 2:5. Notion of the Mohammedans respecting Paradise, ibid. Great variety of opinions concerning its situation, Genesis 2:10. Paragogic letters in the Hebrew, always increase and deepen the meaning of the words to which they are attached, Psalm 89:16. Parcae, or the Fates, table of, Job 7:6; 33:22. Pareshioth, see Sections of the Law.

Paronomasia or play upon words, instances of, Numbers 18:2; Job 31:40, in fine; Isaiah 5:7; 24:17, 18; 25:11; 32:7; 38:17; Isaiah 41:3; Jeremiah 1:12; Amos 5:5; 8:2; Micah 1:10. Paros, one of the Cyclade islands, famous for its white marble, 1 Chronicles 29:2.

Pare, (Thomas) his great age, Job 14:5; Psalm 90:17, in fine. Partridges, manner of hunting, among the Arabs, 1 Samuel 26:20. Passages, tables of, in the New Testament cited from the Old, Malachi 4:6, in fine.

Passover, a Jewish festival, whence so named, Exodus 12:11; Deuteronomy 16:1; Isaiah 31:5. Its typical import, Exodus 12:27. The heathen sacrifice termed propter viam probably borrowed from this Jewish ordinance, Exodus 12:10.

Pastoral, definition of the, Introduction to Solomon’s Song. {Song of Solomon 1:1}

Pathros conjectures where situated, Ezekiel 29:14; 30:14. Patrick, (Dr. Simon) a celebrated commentator on the Old Testament, General Preface, p. 7.

Pavilion, derivation of this word, 1 Kings 20:12; Psalm 27:5. Paz, zp, its derivation and import, Job 28:17.

Pearce, (Dr. Zachary) author of an excellent commentary on the Four Gospels, the Acts, and the First Epistle to the Corinthians. General Preface, p. 8.

Pearl, the production of a shell - fish of the oyster kind, called berberi, Job 28:18. Sometimes found in the common oyster and muscle, ibid. Six pearls taken out of one oyster by the author, ibid. Account of a pearl which formed the entire body of a Hindoo idol, ibid.

Pecunia, money, whence derived, Psalm 15:5.

Peleg, the son of Eber, from what circumstance he had his name, Genesis 10:25. What is probably meant by the division of the earth which happened in his time, ibid.

Peninnah, import of the name, 1 Samuel 1:2.

Pentateuch, Dr. Priestley’s excellent observations respecting the, Deuteronomy 34:12, in fine.

Pentecost, feast of, why instituted, Exodus 23:14. Peraoth, tw[rp, rendered revenges, what it properly imports, Deuteronomy 32:42.

Perfection, Christian, doctrine of, stated and defended, Genesis 17:1; Psalm 119:96.

Perfume, holy, its component parts, Exodus 30:34. Perfumes, Eastern, account of the, Isaiah 3:24. Perfuming the head, beard, and other parts of the bodies of guests very frequent in the East, Proverbs 27:9. Description of two vessels in the author’s possession, employed for this purpose, ibid.

Peri, yrp, import of this word when employed as a memorial symbol, Masoretic notes at the end of Deuteronomy. {Deuteronomy 34:12} Perillus, the first person burned alive in the brazen bull which he had made for the punishment of others, Esther 7:9.

periyhma, a sacrificial term among the ancient pagans, Leviticus 16:10.

Perizzites, where these people were probably situated, Joshua 3:10. Perpetual fire of the Hebrews imitated by the ancient Persian Magi, and their descendants the Parsees, Leviticus 6:13. Perpetual fire in the temple of Vesta, Leviticus 9:23.

Perpetual table, showing, through the course of thirteen lunar cycles, the day of the week with which the Jewish year begins, and on which the passover is held, as also the length of the months Marchesvan and Cisleu, Deuteronomy 34:12, in fine.

Persic version, of the Pentateuch, some account of the, General Preface, p. 22.

Phagrus, an ancient object of idolatry, Exodus 20:4. Phalarica or falarica, a dart or spear with a spherical leaden head, to which fire was attached, Psalm 76:3; 120:4. Why so named, ibid. Pharaoh, a common name for the kings of Egypt till the commencement of the monarchy of the Greeks, Genesis 12:15; 41:44; Exodus 1:11. Why Pharaoh is called in the Koran the lord or master of the nails, Isaiah 22:23.

Pharez, import of the name, Genesis 38:29.

Pharmacy, in great repute among the ancient Egyptians, Exodus 12:51, in fine.

Pharpar, a river of Damascus, reason for supposing that the river known by this name, in the time of Elisha, is a branch of the Barrady, 2 Kings 5:12.

Philo, bishop of the Carpathians, author of a comment on Solomon’s Song, General Preface, p. 4.

Philo Judaeus, account of this Jewish commentator, General Preface, p. 2. Philosopher, anecdote of a, Jeremiah 5:1. Remarkable saying of a philosopher when at sea in a violent storm, Jonah 1:7. filosofov, probable origin of this word, Genesis 41:8. Phlegon, one of the horses of the sun, according to the pagan mythology, what the name signifies, 2 Kings 2:11.

Phoceans, remarkable imprecation of the, when resolved to leave their country, and never to revisit it, Jeremiah 51:64. Phocylides, citation of a very remarkable passage from this poet, Jeremiah 9:24.

Phosphorescence of the sea in certain states of the weather, Job 41:32.

Phrygians, Bochart’s conjecture concerning their origin, Genesis 10:2.

Phut, a people of Africa, Ezekiel 27:10.

Phylacteries, particular account of the, Exodus 13:9. Pibeseth, probably the same with Bubastum, or Bubaste, Ezekiel 30:17.

Pihahiroth, the third station of the Israelites in the wilderness, what supposed to be its present appellation, Numbers 33:7. Pikudim, µydqp, its derivation and import, Leviticus 26:15. Pilgash, vglp, rendered concubine, inquiry into its import, Genesis 22:24; 34:31.

Pilgrim, a word of French or Latin origin, Genesis 47:9. Pilkington’s reasons for the supposition that from the 12th to the 31st verse of the first book of Samuel is an interpolation of some rabbin, 1 Samuel 17:58, in fine.

Pillar of a cloud in the wilderness, observations concerning the, Exodus 13:21; 14:20.

Pillar of salt into which Lot’s wife was changed, various opinions and legends concerning the, Genesis 19:26.

Pillars of heaven, what intended by this strongly figurative expression, Job 26:11.

Pindar’s elegant ridicule of the work of the statuary, when set in competition with his own poetry, Isaiah 46:3.

Pinna magna, a species of muscle found on the shores of the Mediterrenean, 1 Chronicles 15:27; Proverbs 31:22. Description of a pair of gloves which the author has seen made of this very rich stuff, ibid.

Piscator, (John) author of a comment on the whole Scriptures, General Preface, p. 6.

Pitcher broken at the fountain, what meant by this phrase, Ecclesiastes 12:6.

Pitfall or fovea, among the ancients, what, Psalm 7:15; 57:6; Isaiah 24:17, 18; Ezekiel 19:4.

Plagues of Egypt, times of their happening, according to Archbishop Usher, Exodus 7:17. Critical observations on these Divine judgments, Exodus 7:17, et seq. Seven of these plagues more largely described in the Samaritan copies than in the Hebrew, Exodus 11:9, in fine. Translation of the eleventh chapter of Exodus from the Samaritan text ranged in collateral columns with that in our common version, to show the great additions in the former, ibid. General observations on the ten plagues of Egypt, Exodus 12:51, in fine.

Plane tree, conjectures why this tree was so named, Genesis 30:37. Planets, primary and secondary, tables of their revolutions, distances, &c., Genesis 1:1. To prevent mistake, it will be proper to observe that the least and greatest distances of the planets and satellites from the earth, contained in these tables, are their perigeal and apogeal distances when the radii vectores of the planets are equal to the semimajor axes of their orbits, the earth being in every case assumed to be at its mean distance from the sun. But on account of the eccentricities of the planetary orbits, the distances of the planets from the earth, when in perigee and apogee, are very variable. The nearest possible approaches of the inferior planets Mercury and Venus to the earth (viz., when the inferior conjunction of each takes place in the higher apsis) are, respectively, 52,376,602 and 27,339,176 English miles. The greatest possible distances of these planets from the earth (viz., when the superior conjunction of each is made in the aphelion) are, respectively, 138,620,495 and 163,667,549 English miles. The perigeal distances of Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Herschel (when the opposition of each to the sun takes place in the lower apsis or perihelion) are respectively, 35,357,826, 376,944,330, 766,223,200, and 1,642,663,450 English miles. The greatest possible apogeal distances of these planets (viz., when the conjunction of each with the sun is in the higher apsis) are, respectively, 255,709,508, 616,586,248, 1,056,059,684 and 2,002,487,006 English miles. In these calculations the eccentricities of the orbits of the planets, in English miles, have been assumed as follows: - that of Mercury, 7,598,601; Venus 471,320; the Earth, 1,604,800; Mars, 13,665,466; Jupiter 24,346,964; Saturn, 50,988,386; and Herschel, 85,035,892.

Plant of renown, observations on the Hebrew words thus rendered, Ezekiel 34:29.

Platforms common on the houses of the East, Judges 3:20. Plato, republic of, thoughts concerning the, Deuteronomy 34:12, in fine.

Pledge of the beard, in the East, the most secure of all pledges, which the owner will redeem at the hazard of his life, 2 Samuel 10:4. Pleiades, Hebrew word so translated of very uncertain import, Job 9:9; 38:31.

Ploughing the foundations of cities, a custom among ancient conquerors to signify an irreparable and total destruction, Micah 3:12. Ploughing with one’s heifer, or ploughing in another man’s ground, what meant by this phrase among the ancient Jews, Greeks, and Romans, Judges 14:18.

Ploughing iniquity and reaping the same, a proverbial mode of expression, illustrated by quotations from sacred and profane writers, Job 4:8.

Plutarch’s account of a man who, aiming a blow at his enemy’s life, cut open an imposthume, which, by a salutary discharge, saved his life, Proverbs 27:5.

Poetic compositions, titles of, among the Asiatics, frequently bore no resemblance to the subjects, Psalm 22:1, in principio. Many examples produced, ibid.

Poetry in use among all nations from the remotest antiquity, Exodus 15:1. Its advantages pointed out, ibid.; Deuteronomy 31:19. Character of the Hebrew poetry; and its great superiority, in many respects, over that of any other nation, Isaiah 2:13 - 16. Poison, trial by, a species of ordeal among the Hindoos, Numbers 5:31, in fine.

Poison of serpents supposed by the ancients to consist in their gall, which is thought to be copiously exuded when these animals are enraged, Job 20:16.

Polygamy tolerated under the Mosaic dispensation, 2 Samuel 5:13. Shown to be unnatural, and what could not have entered into the original design of God, ibid.; Malachi 2:14, 15.

Polytheism, in some of its branches, so utterly contemptible, that it became an object of ridicule among the more serious heathens, Psalm 115:4. Quotation of a remarkable passage from Juvenal to this effect, ibid. Poole, (Matthew) account of this commentator, General Preface, pp. 7, 11.

Pools, Maundrell’s description of the supposed remains of those made by Solomon for the reception and preservation of the waters of a spring, Isaiah 1:30.

Popilius, remarkable anecdote concerning this Roman legate, Daniel 11:30.

Porte, the, why the Ottoman court was probably so named, Isaiah 29:21.

Post - diluvian patriarchs, table of the great discrepancies in the Hebrew, Samaritan, and Septuagint copies, with respect to the times they are stated to have lived before their sons’ birth, Genesis 5:3. Potters’ wheel, description of the, Jeremiah 18:3. Praester, terrible effects of the bite of the, as described by Lucan, Numbers 21:6.

Prayer, observations on, Psalm 88:2. Citation of a very remarkable passage from the Iliad upon this subject, ibid.

Prayers to angels and departed saints, examination of a passage in the Psalms which the Romanists allege in favour of, Psalm 138:1. Preaching from a text, probable origin of, Nehemiah 8:17, in fine. Precession of the equinoxes, quantity of the, in 4138 years, Job 9:35, in fine. The precession caused by a very slow revolution of the celestial poles around the poles of the ecliptic, Psalm 19:5. See Equinoctial points, precession of the.

Predestination, unconditional, to eternal life and to eternal death, cannot be supported by the example of God’s dealings with Jacob and Esau, or their posterity, Genesis 25:23; 27:28 - 40, 46, et in fine; Genesis 29:31; Malachi 1:3.

Presents to the great indispensable in Eastern countries, Isaiah 57:9. When accepted by the superior, a certain pledge of favour, Genesis 33:10. Offered with very great ceremony, Judges 3:18. Numerous examples in Homer and other ancient writers of presents of arms and clothing made by warriors to each other in token of friendship, 1 Samuel 18:4.

Prevent, acceptation of this term among our English ancestors, Psalm 21:3. Whence derived, ibid.

Pride ever makes its possessor unhappy, Esther 5:13. Examples produced, ibid.

Prideaux’s account of the monies of different nations, Exodus 39:24. Priesthood, Jewish and pagan, none eligible to the, that had any sort of blemish, Leviticus 21:17 - 21.

Priestley, (Revelation Dr.) author of a useful commentary on the Scriptures, General Preface, p. 9.

Primasius, of Utica, account of this commentator, General Preface, p. 4. Primogeniture, rights generally supposed to have been attached to, in ancient times, Genesis 25:31.

Prisoners of the earth, Dr. Blaney’s observations on the import of this phrase, Lamentations 3:34.

Privy seal of many of our sovereigns appears to have been inserted in their rings, Esther 3:9.

Probation, nature of a state of, defined, Numbers 5:4. Proclamation of T. Quintius, declaring freedom to the Grecian cities, and the effect it had upon the inhabitants, as related by Livy, Psalm 126:1. Prophecies of Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel, chronological arrangement of the, see chronological tables.

Prophesy of Isaiah against Babylon, one of the most beautiful examples that can be given of elegance of composition, variety of imagery, and sublimity of sentiment and diction, Isaiah 13:1, in principio. Prophecy concerning Nineveh, related by Diodorus Siculus, Nahum 3:6.

Prophet, what this word imports in different parts of the sacred oracles, Genesis 20:7; 1 Samuel 10:5; 1 Kings 18:29; 1 Chronicles 25:1, 2. Celebrated prediction of Moses of a prophet like unto himself, Deuteronomy 18:15 - 19. Many reasons advanced to show that this prophecy was fulfilled in Jesus the Christ, Deuteronomy 18:22, in fine, Deuteronomy 34:10.

Prophetic song of Isaiah upon the overthrow of Babylon, see Ode. Prophetical symbols, explanation of the, Introduction to Isaiah. {Isaiah 1:1}

Prophets, probably employed by the kings under whom they lived to compile the annals of their reigns, Preface to the two books of Chronicles. {1 Chronicles 1:1} Succession of prophets in the Jewish Church, Introduction to Isaiah. {Isaiah 1:1} Chronological arrangement of the major and minor prophets, ibid. Dr. Smith’s summary view and explanation of the writings of the prophets, ibid. Manner in which the prophets were generally clad, ibid. Former and latter, how divided by the Jews, Zechariah 7:7.

Propter viam, a heathen sacrifice, in what it consisted, and whence probably derived, Exodus 12:10.

Proselyte, derivation and import of the word, Exodus 12:43. Distinction between proselytes of the gate, and proselytes of justice, or of the covenant, ibid.

Prosopopaeia, a figure of rhetoric very frequent in Scripture, Genesis 50:25; Leviticus 18:25; Isaiah 13:1, in principio; Jeremiah 2:33; 9:17; Lamentations 1:4; Hosea 2:22; Zechariah 13:7. Prosperity and adversity shown to be no marks either of the Divine approbation or disapprobation, Job 9:24; 42:17, in fine. Proverb, its derivation and import, Introduction to Proverbs. {Proverbs 1:1} A collection o; Asiatic proverbs extracted from Galand’s Maximes des Orientaux, Proverbs 31:31, in fine. Providence, general and particular, doctrine of, Esther 4:14; Psalm 97:1.

Providentia, Cicero’s definition of this Latin word, Psalm 92:1. Psalms, book of, why called by the Hebrews µylht rps Sepher Tehillim, Introduction to the Psalms. {Psalm 1:1} General division of this book, ibid. Table of the differences in dividing the Psalms between the Hebrew text and the ancient versions, ibid. Compilation of the book, and the authors to whom the Psalms have been attributed, ibid. Classification of the Psalms as they stand in our common version, ibid. Chronological arrangement of the book of Psalms, ibid. Psalms which contain no note or indication of the time when written, ibid. Psalms composed by David while persecuted by Saul ibid. Psalms composed after the commencement of the reign of David, and after the death of Saul, ibid. Psalms composed during the rebellion of Absalom, ibid. Psalms written between the rebellion of Absalom and the Babylonish captivity, ibid. Psalms composed during the captivity, ibid. Psalms written after the Jews were permitted by the edict of Cyrus to return to their own land, ibid. General observations on the great difference of character, between the Hebrew poets and those of Greece and Italy, ibid. Manner in which several of the Psalms appear to have been composed, ibid. On the use made of the Psalms in the New Testament, ibid. On the subject matter of the Psalms, and the method of applying them, ibid. On the particular subject and use of each Psalm, ibid. General use of the Psalms in the Christian Church, ibid. Observations on the metrical version of the Psalms by Sternhold and Hopkins, and on that by Dr. Brady and Nahum Tate, ibid. Reasons for the great discrepances between the Psalms in the Prayer Book, called The Reading Psalms, and those in our authorized version, ibid. Anglo - Saxon version of the one hundred and fourteenth Psalm, with a literal reading, line for line, as near to the Saxon as possible, to show the affinity of the languages, Psalm 114:8, in fine. Psalms which constitute the Great Hallel, Psalm 113:1, in principio.

Psalter, why the book of Psalms is so named, Introduction to the Psalms. {Psalm 1:1}

Psaltery of ten strings, singular reason given by Eusebius why this instrument was used by David in celebrating the praises of God, Psalm 92:3.

Psylli, a people of Libya, whose peculiar property, according to Lucan, was to be unhurt by the bite of serpents, Isaiah 28:15. Pudding, description of this large collar of iron fastened to the feet of slaves, Job 13:27.

Puffendorf’s excellent remarks concerning the manner of the king which God directed Samuel to show to the Israelites, 1 Samuel 8:9. Punctures indelibly made on different parts of the body both by ancients and moderns, Isaiah 44:5; 49:16.

Punon, the thirty - fifth station of the Israelites in the wilderness, where situated, Numbers 33:42.

Pupil of the eye described, Ecclesiastes 12:3. Why so named, ibid. Purim or feast of lots, for what purpose instituted, Exodus 23:14; Esther 9:26. Manner in which the Jews at present celebrate this festival, Esther 10:3, in fine. Part of the ceremony performed by the ancient Jews ordered to be discontinued by the emperors Theodosius and Justinian, and why, Esther 5:14, in fine, Esther 10:3, in fine. Purpura, a kind of shell - fish from which the famous Tyrian purple is supposed to have been obtained, Exodus 25:4; Proverbs 31:22. Purver, (Anthony) author of an English translation of the whole Scriptures, with critical notes, General Preface, p. 8.

Pushtoo, the language of the Afghans, has a manifest resemblance to the Chaldaic, 2 Kings 17:6.