Section 2: Substative Nouns
SECTION II.
OF SUBSTANTIVE NOUNS.
1. A NOUN is the name of a thing.
2. Nouns are either Substantives or Adjectives.
3. A Substantive is a Noun that may stand by itself; as, vir, a man. An Adjective is a noun that is always joined with a Substantive; as, bonus vir; a good man.
4. A Noun is either proper, as, George, Georgius; or common, as, a man, homo.
5. There are three Genders; the Masculine, he; the Feminine, she; the Neuter, it.
6. Names of gods, angels, and men, are of the Masculine Gender; as, Jupiter, Michael, Georgius.
7. Names of winds and months are of the Masculine Gender; as, Auster, the south wind; Aprilis, April.
8. Names of rivers and mountains are of the Masculine Gender; as, Tibris, the Tiber; Parnassus, the mountain so called.
9. Names of goddesses and women are Feminine; as, Juno, Anna.
10. Names of cities, countries, and islands are Feminine; as, Roma, Rome; Gallia, France; Anglia, England.
11. Names of ships, trees, herbs, and poems are Feminine; as, Arpo, the ship so called; pyrus, a pear-tree; AEneis, the AEneid.
12. Nouns signifying the offices of men are Masculine; as, rex, a king.
13. Nouns signifying the offices of women are Feminine; as, regina, a queen.
14. Nouns common to either sex are either Masculine or Feminine; as, exul, a banished man or woman; adolescens, a youth; advena, a stranger; affinis, a relation; auctor, an author; civis, a citizen; comes, a companion; conviva, a guest; custos, a keeper; dux, a guide; haeres, an heir; hostis, an enemy; infans, an infant; judex, a judge; parens, a parent; sacerdos, a priest or priestess; testis, a witness; vindex, an avenger: With some others. So are the following: —
Pulvis, margo, silex, grossus, corbis, cinis, obex, cortex, calx, imbrex, atomus, clunis, canalis, forceps, linter, adeps, scrobs, torquis, stirps, phaselus, pampinus, anguis, rubus, funis, barbitus, amnis, specus, penus, pumex, finis, and dies.
15. Nouns indeclinable, also Nouns ending in on or um, are Neuter; as, nihil, nothing; criterion, a mark; regnum, a kingdom.
16. The Genders of other Nouns are known by the termination.
17. The Numbers of Nouns are two; the Singular, which speaks of one thing, as, lapis, a stone; the Plural, which speaks of more, as, lapides, stones.
18. A Case is the variation of the last syllable.
19. There are six Cases, the Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, Ablative.
20. The Nominative is placed before the Verb; the Accusative after it; the Genitive follows the sign of; the Dative to; the Vocative O; the Ablative in, with, from, by, and than after a Comparative Degree.
21. The Declensions are five.
22. THE FIRST forms the Genitive and Dative Singular in ae diphthong, except in Greek Nouns.
23. This has four terminations, a, e, Feminine; as, es, Masculine.
24. But these five ending in a are Masculine; Sdria, mandraseo7 a, pandecta, planeta, conzeta.
EXAMPLES OF THE FIRST DECLENSION.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. Abl.
Of to O in, etc.
Penn-a, a pen, -ae, -ae, -am, -a, -a.
Od-e, a song, es, -e, -en, -e, -e.
Thom-as, -ae, -ae, am, -a, -a.
Anchis-es, -ae, -ae, -en, -e, -a.
Plural.
Penn-ae, pens,arum, -is, -as, -ae, -is.
And so the rest.
25. Some Nouns of this Declension form the Dative and Ablative Plural in abus; as, anima, dea, domina, equa, famula, filia, nata, serva, socia.
26. The Second forms the Genitive in i, and Dative in o.
27. This has five terminations, er, ir, us, Masculine; on, um, Neuter. EXAMPLES OF THE SECOND DECLENSION.
Singular.
Notn. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. Abl.
Of to O in, etc.
Lib-er, a book,-ri, -ro, -rum, -er, -ro.
Vi-r, a man, -ri, -ro, -rum, -r, -ro.
Ven-tus, the wind, -ti, -to, -tum, -te, -to.
Criter-ion, a mark, -ii, -io, -ion, -ion, -io.
Rey-num, a kingdom,-ni, -no, -num, -num, -no.
Plural.
Libr-i, }
Tir i, } -orum,-is, os, -i, -is.
Vent-i ....}
Criteri-a,.}
Reg-na,....} -orum,-ts, -a, .a, -is.
28. But virus and pelayus are Neuter. The following are Feminine: Papyrus, antidotus, bolus, dipthongus, byssus, abyssus, periodus, synodus, methodus, eremus, aretus, Exodus, nardus, lecythus, dialectus, halus, humus, alvus, vannus, domus, colus, plinthus, pharus, ficus, and diametrus. Vulgus, the common people, is Masculine and Neuter.
29. Filius, and proper names ending in ius, form the Vocative in i; as,fili. Deus remains unchanged.
30. The Third forms the Genitive in is, and Dative in i. This has twenty-four terminations, er, or, os, o, n, Masculine; io, do, go, as, es, is, aus, x, and s after a consonant, Feminine; a, e, i, c, l, men, ar, ur, us, ut, Neuter.
EXAMPLES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. Abl.
of to O in, etc.
Late-r, a brick, -ris, -ri, -rem, -r, -re.
Labo-r, labor, -ris, -ri, -rem, -r, -re.
Nepo-s, a grandchild, -tis, -ti, -tem, -s, -te.
Serm-o, speech, -onis, -oni, -onem, -o, -one.
Delph-in, a dolphin, -inis, -ini, -inem, -in, -ine.
Nati-o, a nation, -onis, -oni, -onem, -o, -one.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. Abl.
Of to O in, etc.
Arund o, a reed, -inis, -ini, -inem, -o, -ine.
Imag o, an image, -inis, -ini, -inem, -o, -ine.
AEsta-s, summer, -tis, -ti, -tem, -s, -te.
Rup-es, a rock, -is, -i, -em, -es, -e.
Nav-is, a ship, -is, -i, -em, -is, -e,or-i.
Frau-s, fraud, -dis, -di, -dem, -s, -de.
Fa-x, a torch, -cis, -ci, -cem, -x, -ce.
Le-x, a law, -gis, -gi, -gem, -x, -ge.
Trab-s, a beam, -is, -i, -em, -s, -e.
Pul-s, gruel, -tis, -ti, -tem, -s, -te.
Them-a, a theme, -atis, -ati, -a, -a, -ate.
Ma-re, the sea, -ris, -ri, -re, -re, -ri.
La-c, milk, -ctis, -cti, -c, -c, -cte.
Anima-l, an animal, -lis, -li, -l, -1., -li.
Carm-en, a verse, -inis, -ini, -en, -en, -ine.
Calca-r, a spur, -ris, -ri, -r, -r, -re,or-ri.
Rob-ur, an oak, -oris, -ori, -ur, -ur, -ore.
Litt-us, the shore, -oris, -ori, -us, -us, -ore
Cap-ut, the head, itis, -iti, -ut, -ut, -ite
Plural.
Later-es, -um, -ibus, -es, -es, -ibus.
Rup-es, -ium, -ibus, -es, -es, -ibus.
Mar-ia, -ium, -ibus, -ia, -ia, -ibus.
Capit-a, -um, -ibus, -a, -a, -ibus.
And so the rest.
31. Those nouns forming the Ablative Singular in i, make the Genitive Plural in ium.
32. But the following words, although they end in er, or, os, o, are not of the Masculine Gender: —
Arbor and arbos, caro, dos, cos, are Feminine: The following are Neuter, spinther, suber, tuber, gingiber, uber, verber, iter, laver, ver, piper, aes, papaver, aequor, marmor, ador, cor, siser, os, and cadaver.
33. Nor are these, although ending in do, as, es, is, x, and s after a consonant, of the Feminine: —
Masculine. Adamas, as, pes, gurges, paries, magnes, stipes, trames, cespes, palmes, lebes, tapes, limes; fomes, poples, cassis, piscis, vermis, glis, vectis, lienis, callis, collis, caulis, fustis, lapis, orbis, axis, fascis, panis, postis, unguis, cucumis, vomis, torris, sanguuis, follis, mensis, sentis, grex, ensis, ignis, calix, bombyx, phoenix, scobs, fornix, natriz, variz, coccyx, seps, gryps, chalybs, fons, dens, mons, rudens, pons, torrens, hydrops, vepres, cardo, and ordo. Neuter. Vas, vasis.
34. Nor are the following of the Neuter: —
Masculine. Sal, sol, lar, lepus, mus, grus, furfur, turlur, and vultur. Feminine. Sindon, gorgon, icon, aedon, virtus, juventus, tellus, salus, palus, incus, senectus, subscus, servitus, and pecus.
35. Aqualis, avis, clavis, cutis, febris, messis, navis, ovis, pelvis, puppis, ratis, restis, securis, sentis, and turris, form the Accusative Singular in em or im, the Ablative in e or i: Amnis, anguis, civis, classis, collis, finis, fustis, ignis, imber, labes; mons, orbis, pars, postis, sordes, sors, and all adjectives of one ending, and Comparatives, make the Ablative in e or i, though oftenest in e.
36. Smussis, canalis, cucumis, ravis, sinapis, sitis, tussis, vis, and proper names, (except of men,) form the Accusative Singular in im, and the Ablative in i; as, Tybrim, Tybri.
37. Cor, cos, dos, faux, glis, lar, lis, mus, nix, nox, os, sal, vas, and most Nouns ending in two consonants, and those that do not increase in the Genitive Singular, form the Genitive Plural in ium; as, parens, parentium.
38. So do those that form the Ablative in e or i.
39. Bos, an ox, has in the Genitive Plural, boum; in the Dative and Ablative, bobus or bubus.
40. Greek Nouns form the Accusative Singular in a, the Accusative Plural in as; so, AEneis, AEneida, AEneidas.
41. The Fourth forms the Genitive in us, the Dative in ui.
42. It has two terminations, us Masculine, u Neuter.
EXAMPLES OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. Abl.
Fruct-us, fruit, -us, -ui, -um, -us, -u.
Cornu, a horn, is indeclinable in the Singular Number. Plural.
Nom, Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. Abl.
Fruct-us, -uum, -ibus, -us, -us, -ibus.
Corn-ua, -uum, -ibus, -ua, -ua, -ibus.
43. Jesus makes the Accusative, Jesum; in all other cases, Jesu.
44. Only these seven are Feminine: Acus, domus, ficus, Idus, manus, porticus, tribus.
Acus, arcus,.ficus, lacus, partus, quercas, specus, tribus, form the Dative and Ablative Plural in ubus; as, acus, acubus.
45. These have ibus and ubus: Artus, portus, questus, genu, veru.
46. The Fifth forms the Genitive and Dative in ei.
47. It has but one termination, es, which is Feminine. AN EXAMPLE OF THE FIFTH DECLENSION.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. Abl.
Res, a thing, rei, rei, rem, res, re.
Plural.
Res, rerum, rebus, res, res, rebus.
N.B. Meridies and dies are of the Masculine Gender.
48. Most Nouns of this Declension have only the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative in the Plural Number.
49. The Vocative Case is the same with the Nominative; but us of the Second Declension is made e.
50. The Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative of Neuters are the same, and in the Plural end in a.
51. HETEROCLITE Nouns which differ from the common way of declining, are either Defective, Variant, or Redundant.
52. Nouns are deficient either in Number or in Case.
53. All proper names; names of things sold by weight; names of herbs, liquors, metals, virtues, vices, diseases, and ages, want the Plural.
54. So do hepar, pontus, venia, vulgut, and some others.
55. These want the Singular: Athenae, calendae, cunae, divitidae, exuviae, nonve, nugae, nuptiae, phalerae, tenebrae, Thebae, valvae, and some others.
56. Nouns defective in Case are: —
(1.) Aptots, which have but one ending for every Case; as, frugi, gummi, fas, nefas, gelu, nihil, instar, mane, tot, quot, mille, quatuor, quinque, and all numbers to an hundred.
(2.) Monoptots, which have but one Case; as, astu, jussu, noctu, natu, promptu, permissu, inficias, ingratiis: Or,
(3.) Diptots, which have but two Cases; as, spontis, sponte, repetundarum, repetundis.
(4.) Triptots, which have three Cases; as, opis, opem, ope, precis, precem, prece: These are regular in the Plural.
57. Nouns Variant in their Gender are dies and finis, which are either Masculine or Feminine in the Singular, and Masculine only in the Plural. Jocus and locus are Masculine in the Singular, and Masculine and Neuter in the Plural. Singular, epulum, nundinum, delicium; Plural, epulae, nundinae, deliciae. Rostrum, fraenum, filum, are Neuter in the Singular, but Masculine and Neuter in the Plural. Coelum is Neuter in the Singular, and Masculine in the Plural.
58. Nouns are Redundant in the Nominative; as, arbor, arbos; baculus, baculum: Or in other Cases; as, requi-es, Genitive etis & ei; do-mus, Genitive mi & mus, etc.