Section 7: Regular Verbs

SECTION VII.

OF REGULAR VERBS.

1. A PARTICIPLE is an Adjective derived of a Verb, which partakes of the Tense and force of a Verb.

2. There are four Participles: Two Active, two Passive.

3. There are three Gerunds; and two Supines.

4. All the Gerunds and Supines are, strictly speaking, Nouns Substantive; the former of the Second, the latter of the Fourth, Declension.

5. Regular Verbs of the First Conjugation forrn the Infinitive in are, the Perfect in avi, the First Supine in atum.

6. Except the following Verbs: Frceo, fricui, frictum; mico, micui, no Supines; seco, secui, sectum; juvo, juvi, jutum; lavo, lavi, lotum; crepo, cubo, domo, sono, tono, veto, ui, itum: do, dedi, datum; (and so circumdo, pessundo, satisdo, venundo; but its other cornpounds are of the Third Conjugatiou, and form didi, ditum;) sto, steti, statum (but its compounds form, stiti, stitum, aud sometimes statum).

7. Regular Verbs of the Second Conjugation form the Infinitive in ere, the Perfect in ui, the First Supine in itum.

8. Except aboleo, abolevi, abolitum; adoleo, adolevi, adultum; ardeo, haereo, maneo, rideo, suadeo, si, sum; augeo, lugeo, mulgeo, xi, ctum; caveo, cavi, cautum; faveo, favi, fautum; cieo, cievi, citum; vieo, vievi, vietum: censeo, censui, censum; deleo, impleo, fleo, neo, and Verbs in veo, vi, tum; doceo, doctum; frendeo, frendi, fressum; sedeo, sedi, sessum; jubeo, jussi, jussum; mulceo, mulsi, mulsum; misceo, mistum or mixtum; mordeo, momordi, morsum; pendeo, pependi, pensum; spondeo, spospondi, sponsum; tondeo, totondi, tonsum; indulgeo, indulsi, indultum; sorbeo, sorpsi, sorptum; prandeo, prandi, pransum; oleo, to grow, olevi, oletum;and so exoleo, inoleo, absoleo; teneo, tentum; torreo, tostum; torqueo, torsi, tortum; video, vidi, visum.

9. These have no Supine; and form the Perfect thus: Algeo, fulgeo, turgeo, urgeo, si; conniveo, vi and xi; ferveo, fervi; paveo, pavi; frigeo, lueeo, xi; strideo, stridi.

10. These have no Supine; and form the Perfect thus: Audeo, ausus sum; gaudeo, gavisus; moereo, moestus; soleo, solitus sum.

11. Regular Verbs of the Third Conjugation form the Infinitive in ere, and the Perfect and Supines variously.

Thus: If they end in

Bo: Bibo, bibi; bibitum; glubo, glubi, glubitum, & glupsi, gluptum. Scribo, scripsi, scriptum; nubo, nupsi, nuptum, & nupta sum. Accumbo, discumbo, incumbo, etc.; cubui, cubitum. Co: Dico, dixi, dictum; duco, dazi, ductum; vinco, vici, victum. Ico, ici, ictum; parco, parsi, parsum, & peperci, pareitum. Sco: Cresco, crevi, cretum; nosco, novi, notum. Also, Agnosco, agnovi, agnitum; cognosco, cognovi, cognitum. Pasco, pavi, pastum; but compesco, dispesco, ui, itum. Do makes di, sum; as, scando, mando, prehendo, defendo, accendo, and some others.

Edo, edi, esum, & estum, to eat; comedo, comesum & comestum; but

Credo, edo, dedo, reddo, perdo, abdo vel obdo; Condo, indo, trado, prodo, vendo, simul addo, make didi, ditum. Vado, rado, laedo, ludo, divido, trudo; & claudo, plaudo, rodo, formant sibi si, sum.

Cado, cecidi, casum; caedo, cectdi, caesum; cedo, cessi, cessum. Fundo, fudi, fusum; findo, fidi, fissum; scindo, scidi, scissum; fido, fisus.

Pando, pandi, pansum & passum; pendo, pependi, pensum. Tendo, tetendi, tensum & tentum; tundo, tutudi, tunsum (its compounds form tusum).

Go (& guo) makes xi, ctum; as, Rego, plango, ungo, jungo, distinguo, and some others.

Except surgo, pergo, rexi, rectum.

Fingo, mingo, pingo, stringo, leave out n in their Supine. Frango, fregi, fractum; ago, egi, actum; lego, legi, lectum; but diligo, inlelligo, negligo, exi, ectum.

Pango, pepigi, to bargain; panxi, to join; pactum. Pungo, pupugi & punxi, punctum; figo, fixi,,fixum. Tango, tetigi tactum; mergo, spargo, tergo, si, sum. Ho: Traho, traxi, tractum; veho, vexi, vectum. Lo: Alo, malo, ui, itum; colo, consulo, occulo, ui, ultum. Excello, praecello, antecello, cellui, celsum. Percello, procello, recello, culi, culsum.

Fallo, fefelli, falsum.

Pello, pepuli, pulsum; sallo, salli, salsum.

Tollo, sustuli, sublatum; vello, velli & vulsi, vulsum. Mo: Fremo, gemo, vomo, ui, itum; emo, emi, emptum. Premo, pressi, pressum; como, demo, promo, sumo, psi, ptum. No: Sperno, sprevi, spretum; cerno in its compounds crevi, cretum. Sterno, stravi, stratum; sino, sivi, situm.

Lino, levi, lini & livi, litum.

Temno, tempsi, temptum; cano, cecini, cantum (its compounds form cinui, centum).

Gigno, genui, genitum; pono, posui, positum.

Po: Scalpo, sculpo, carpo, serpo, repo, etc., psi, ptum. Except rumpo, rupi, ruptum; strepo, strepui, strepitum. Quo: De-Re-linquo, liqui, lictum; coquo, coxi, coctum. Ro: Quaero, quaesivi, quaesitum; tero, trivi, tritum; curro, cucurri, cursum.

Verro, verri & versi, versum; gero, gessi, gestum; uro, ussi, ustum.

Sero, sevi, satum, to sow or plant; sero, serui, sertum, to lay in order.

Consero, servi, satum, to plant together.

Consero, serui, sertum, to intermingle.

So: Arcesso, capesso, facesso, lacesso, sivi or si, situm. Pinso, pinsui, sinsitum, or pinsi, pinsum, pistum. To: Mitto, misis, missum; meto, messui, messum. Necto, pecto, plectto, xi or xui, xum; flecto, flexi, flexum. Peto, petivi, petitum; verto, verti, versum.

Siston, stiti, statum; its compounds want the Supines. Vo: Solvo and volvo, volvi, volutum; vivo, vixi, victum. Xo: Texo, texui, textum; and some others.

Io: Facio, feci, factum; jacio, jeci, jactum.

Efficio, effeci, effectum; ejicio, ejeci, ejectum, etc. Aspicio, aspexi, aspectum; allicio, allexi, allectum. Fodio, fodi, fossum; fugio, fugi, fugitum.

Cupio, cupivi, cupitum; pario, peperi, partum. Rapio, rapui, raptum; in its compounds ripui, reptum. Quatio, quassum; in its compounds cutio, cussi, cussum. Uo: Arquo, statu, tribuo, diluo, ui, utum.

But luo, lui, luitum; ruo, rui, ruitum (its compounds form rutum). Fluo, fluxi, fluxum; struo, struxi, structum.

12. Inceptives in sco, as puerasco, tepesco, and the following Verbs, have neither Perfect nor Supine; nor have the following: Sido, furo, vergo, ambigo, glisco, fatisco, hisco, liquor, ringor, vescor, reminiscor.

13. Regular Verbs o Fourth Conjugation form the Infinitive in ire, the Perfect in ivi, the First Supine in itum.

14. But the following Verbs thus: Amico, amixi, amicui, & amicivi, amictum; aperio, operio, perui, pertum; venio, veni, ventum; haurio, hausi, haustum; farcio, fulcio, sepio, si, tum; raucio, sentio, si, sum; sancio, vincio, xi, ctum; salio, to dance, salui, saltum (its compounds form silui, sultum); sepelio, singultio, ivi, ultum.

15. These have neither Preterperfect nor Supine: Ferio, and all Desideratives, except esurio, nupturio, parturio, which, with caecutio, gestio, ineptio, have ivi.

16. The Perfect Tenses of Verbs, especially of the Fouth Conjugation, are frequently contracted; as abiit, perii, abierat, for abivit, perivi, abiverat. ACTIVE VOICE.

lNDlCATIVE MOOD.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

I love, thou lovest, he loveth; we love, ye love, they love. Am-o, -as, -at; -amus, -atis, -ant.

Mon-eo, -es, -et; -emus, -etis, -ent.

Reg-o, -is, -it; -imus, -itis, -unt.

Aud-io, -is, -it; -emus, -itis, -iunt.

Preterimperfect.

I loved or did love, etc.

Am-abam, -abas, -abat; -abamus,-abatis, -abant. Mon-ebam, -ebas, -ebat; -ebamus,-ebatis, -ebant. Reg-ebam,

Audi-ebam,

Preterperfect.

Singular. Plural.

I have loved, etc.

Amav-i, -isti, -it; -imus, -istis, -erunt,

Monu-i, or ere.

Rex-i,

Audiv-i,

Preterpluperfect.

I had loved, etc.

Amave-ram, -ras, -rat; -ramus, -ratis, -rant.

Monue-ram

Rexe-ram,

Audive-ram,

Future.

I shall or will love, etc.

Ama-bo, -bis, -bit;Am-abimus, -abitis, -abunt. Mone-bo, Montebimus, -ebitis, -ebunt.

Reg-am, -es, -et; -emus, -etis, -ent.

Audi-am,

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

Love thou; let him love; let us love; love ye; let them love. Am-a, -ato; -et, -ato; -emus; -ate, -atote; -ent, -anto. Mon-e, -eto; -eat, -eto; -eamus; -ete, -etote; -eant, -ento. Reg-e, -ito; -at, -ito; -amus; -ite, -itote; -ant, -unto. Aud-i, -ito; -iat, -ito; -iamus; -ite, -itote; -iant, -iunto. POTENTIAL MOOD.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

I may or can love, etc.

Am-em, -es, -et; -emus, -etis, -ent.

Mone-am, -as, -at; -dmus, -atis, -ant.

Reg-am,

Audi-am,

Preterimperfect.

Singular. Plural.

I might love, etc.

Ama-rem, -res, -ret; Am-aremus, -aretis, -arent. Mone’-rem, Mon-eremus, -eretis, -erent.

Reye rem, Reg-eremus, -eretis, -erent.

Audi-rem, Aud-iremus, -iretis, -irent.

Preterperfect.

I may have loved, etc.

Amave-rim, -ris, -rit; -rimus, -ritis, -rint.

Monue-rim,

Rex-rim,

Audive-rim,

Preterpluperfect.

I might have loved, etc.

Amav-issem, -isses,-isset; -issemus,-issetis, -issent. Monu-issem,

Rex-issem,

Audiv-issem,

Future.

I shall have loved, etc.

Amav-ero, -eris,-erit; -erimus, -eritis, -erint. Monu ero,

Rex ero,

Audiv-ero,

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present and Preterimperfect.

Amare, to love. Monere, to advise.

Regere, to rule. Audire, to hear.

Preterperfect aud Preterpluperfect.

Amavisse, to have loved. Monuisse, to liave advised. Rexisse, to have ruled. Audivisse, to have heard. Future.

Amaturum esse, to be about to love.

Moniturum esse, to be about to advise.

Recturum esse, to be about to rule.

Auditurum esse, to be about to hear.

Gerunds.

Aman-di, of loving; -do, in loving; -dum, to love. Monen-di, of advising; -do, in advising; -dum, to advise. Regen-di, of ruling; -do, in ruling; -dum, to rule. Audien-di, of hearing; -do, in hearing; -dum, to hear. Supines.

Amat-um, to love; -u, to be loved.

Monit-um, to advise; -u, to be advised.

Rect-um, to rule; -u, to be ruled.

Audit-um, to hear; -u, to be heard.

Participles.

Present.

Amans, loving. Monens, advising.

Regens, ruling. Audiens, hearing.

Preterperfect.

Amatus, loved. Monitus, advised.

Rectus, ruled. Auditus, heard.

Future in rus.

Amaturus, about to love. Moniturus, about to advise. Recturus, about to rule. Auditurus, about to hear. Future in dus.

Amandus, to be loved. Monendus, to be advised. Reyendus, to be ruled. Audiendus, to be heard. PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

I am loved, etc.

Am-or, -aris or -are, -atur; -amur,-amini,-antur. Mon-eor, -eris or -ere, -etur; -emur,-emini,-entur. Reg-or, -eris or -ere, -itur; -imur,-imini,-untur. Aud-ior, -iris or -ire, -itur; -imur,-imini,-iuntur. Preterimperfect.

I was loved, etc.

Amab-ar, -aris or-dre, -atur; Amab-amur,-amini,-antur. Moneb-ar, Moneb-

Reyeb-ar, Reyeb-

Audieb-ar, Audiea-

Preterperfect.

Singular. Plural.

I have been loved, etc.

Amat-us sum, -us es, -us est; -i sumus, -i estis, -i sunt, or or or or or or

fui, fuisti, fuit; fuimus, fuistis, fuerunt,

or fuere.

Monitus.

Rect-us

Audit-us

Preterpluperfect.

I had been loved, etc.

Amat-us eram, -us eras, -us erat; -i eramus,-i eratis,-i erant, or or or or or or

fueram, fueras, fuerat; fueramus, fueratis, fuerant. Monit-us

Rect-us

Audit-us

Future.

I shall or will be loved.

Am-abor, -aberis or-ere, -abitur; -abimur,-abimini,-abuntur. Monebor, -eberis or-ere, -ebitur; -ebimur,-ebimini,-ebuntur. Reg-ar, -eris or-ere, -etur; -emur,-emini,-entur. Audi-ar,

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present.

Be thou loved; let him be loved.

Sing. Am-are,-ator; -etur,-ator.

Let us be loved; be ye loved; let them be loved. Plu. Am e’mur; -amini,-aminor; -entur,-antor.

Sing. Mon-ere,-etor; -eatur,-e!or.

Plu. Mon-eamur; -emini,-eminor; -eantur,-entor. Sing. Rey-ere,-itor; -atur,-itor.

Plu. Reg-amur; -imini,-iminor; -antur,-untor.

Sing. Aud-ire,-itor; -iatur,-itor.

Plu. Aud-iamur; -imini,-iminor; -iantur,-iuntor. POTENTIAL MOOD.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

I may or can be loved, etc.

Am-er, -eris or -ere, -etur; -emur, -emini, -entur. Mone-ar, -aris or -are, -atur; -amur, -amini, -antur. Reg-ar,

Audi-ar,

Preterimperfect.

I might be loved, etc.

Am-arer, -areris or -ere, -aretur; -aremur, -aremini, -arentur. Mon-erer, -ereris, etc.

Reg-erer,

Aud-ires; -ireris, etc.

Preterperfect.

I may have been loved, etc.

Amat-us sim, -us sis, -us sit; -i simus, -i sitis, -i sint, or or or or or or

fuerim, fueris, fuerit, fuerimus,fueritis,fuerint. Monit-us

Rect-us

Audit-us

Preterpluperfect.

I might have been loved, etc.

Amat-us essem, -us esses, -us esset; -i essemus, -i essetis, -i essent, or or or or or or

fuissem, fuisses, fuisset; fuissemus, fuissetis, fueissent. Monit-us

Rect-us

Audit-us

Future.

I shall have been loved, etc.

Amat-us ero, -us eris, -us erit; -i erimus, -i critis, -i erunt, or or or or or or

fuero, fueris, fuerit; fuerimus, fueritis, fuerint. Monit-us

Rect-us

Audit-us

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present and Preterimperfect.

Amari, to be loved. Moneri, to be advised.

Regi, to be ruled. Audiri, to be henrd.

Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect.

Amatum esse or fuisse, to have been loved.

Monitum esse or fuisse, to have been advised.

Rectum esse or fuisse, to have been ruled.

Auditum esse, or fuisse, to have been heard.

Future.

Amatum iri, to be about to be loved.

Monitum iri, to be about to be advised.

Rectum iri, to be about to be ruled.

Auditum iri, to be about to be heard.

20. Some Verbs have a Passive Termination, with an Active Meaning; as, loquor, to speak. These are called Deponents, and have Gerunds, Supines, and Participles.

21. Such are also, scrutor, scrutatus sum; imitor, imitalus sum, etc., in the First Conjugation.

22. Mereor, merui, or meritus sum; fateor, fassus; misereor, misertus; polliceor, pollicitus; reor, ratus; tueor, tuitus; vereor, veritus, etc., in the Second Conjugation.

23. Adipiscor, adeptus; amplector, amplexus; complector, complexus; comminiscor, commentus; defatiscor, defessus; expergiscor, experrectus; fungor, functus; fraor, fructus, or fruitus; gradior, gressus; irascor, iratus; labor, lapsus; loquor; locutus; sequor, secutus; nanciscor, nactus; nascor, natus; nitor, nisus, or nixus; obliviscor, oblitus; paciscor; pactus; patior, passus; proficiscor, profectus; queror, questus; ulciscor, ultus; morior, mortuus, mori, etc., in the Third. And,

24. Largior, mentior, molior, potior, sortior,-itus, sum; assentior, assensus; experior; expertus; operior, opertus; metior; mensus; ordior, orsus; orior, ortus; morior, mortuus, in the Fourth.

25. Some Verbs ending in or have both an Active and Passive signification.

26. Compound Verbs form their Perfect and Supines like the Simple Verbs; as, doceo, docui; edoceo, edocui.

27. But the syllable which is doubled in the Perfect of the Simple Verbs, is not doubled in their Compounds; as, cado, cecidi; occido, occidi.

28. Except in the Compounds of disco nnd posco; also, de, ex, prae, pro, -curro, which have curri and cucurri.

29. One of the vowels of tbe Simple Verb is often changed or dropped in its Compounds; as spargo, dispergo; claudo, occludo.