Section 3: Abbrs, Parts of Speech, Articles
SECTION III.
OF ABBREVIATIONS, PARTS OF SPEECH, AND ARTICLES.
1. GREEK words are not always writ at length but subject to abbreviation. [The early additions included a series of abbreviations written in a shorthand practiced in the author’s era. Being out of use today and being both difficult to decipher from the original volume and more or less incomprehensible to the modern reader, they are not included in this edition. — Edit.]
2. There are eight sorts of words, five of which are declinable; Article, Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Participle: Three indeclinable; Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition.
3. There are three Numbers; the Singular, Dual, and Plural.
4. The Singular speaketh but of one; as, μοῦσα, a song: The Dual speaketh properly of two; as, μούσα, two songs. The Plural speaketh of many; as, μοῦσαι, songs.
5. The Article prefixed to most Substantives is declined thus: — Singular. Dual. Plural.
N. G. D. Ac. N. & A. G. & D. N. G. D. Ac.
M. oJ tou~ tw~| τὸν tw< τοῖν oiJ τῶν τοῖς τοὺς
F. hJ τῆς th~| τὴν ta< ταῖν ai — ταῖς τὰς
N. to< tou~ tw~| to< tw< τοῖν ta< — τοῖς ta<
6. There is no Ablative Case in Greek.
SECTION IV.
OF SUBSTANTIVE NOUNS.
1. THERE are five Declensions; three of Simple, and two of contracted Nouns.
2. The FIRST Declension has four terminations; av, hv, Masculine; a, h, Feminine.
3. It forms the Genitive Case in ou or hv, the Dative a| or h|. Examples of the First Declension.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
tami>-av ou a| an a
‘Agcis-hv ou h| hn h
μοῦσ-a hv h| an a
ᾠδ-h< ῆς h~| ὴν h<
Dual.
Nom. Ac. Voc. ταμία. Gen. & Dat. ταμίαιν.
Plural.
N. tami>-ai, G. ῶν, D. aiv, Ac. wv, V. ai. And so the rest.
4. Nouns ending in da, qa, ra, and a pure, retain a in the Genitive and Dative; as, hJ ἡμέρ-a, av, a|.
5. Some Nouns in av form the Genitive in a, and the Accusative in an especially proper names, whose last syllable is circumflected; as, N. Θωμᾶς, G. Qwma~, Ac. Θωμᾶν.
6. Nouns ending in phv or thv, Gentile Nouns, and those compounded of μετρέω, πολέω, tribw, form the Vocative in a as, κλέπτης, κλέπτα.
7. The SECOND has two terminations; ov, Masculine or Femine; on, Neuter.
8. It forms the Genitive in ou, the dative in w|.
Examples of the Second Declension.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
κύρι-ov ou w| on e
σκῆπτρ-on ou w| on on
Dual.
Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. Dat.
w oin
Plural.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
κύρι-oi wn oiv ouv oi
σκῆπτρ-a wn oiv a a
9. Iota is suscribed to all Datives in a|, h|, w|.
10. The THIRD has many terminations, all which are contained in the following verses: —
Masculea an, hn, un, wn, hr, wr, av, hv, wv
Eiv, ouv, x, y. Feminea eir, in, thv, is, us, hdwn,
Sic av, adov Sunt Neutra av, atov Vocalis, ar aut or.
11. It forms the Genitive in ov, the Dative in I.
Examples of the Third Declension.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
Τιτὰν τιτᾶν-ov i a τιτὰν
σῶμα σώμα-tov ti σώμα σῶμα
Dual.
Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. Dat.
τιτᾶνε τιτάνοιν
σώματε σωμάτοιν
Plural.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
τιτᾶνες τιτάνων τιτᾶσι τιτάνας τιτᾶνες
σώματα σωμάτων σώμα-si ta ta
12. Nouns ending in a form the Genitive in atov I makes itov or iov u, uov or eov w, oov n and r, ov and tov s, ov, tov, dov, qov, nov, or ntov x, gov, cov, or ktov y, ov, pov or fov. But use is the best master.
13. Sometimes w in the Nominative is changed into o in Genitive, and h into e as, oJ πρίων, πρίονος oJ αἰθὴρ, αἰθέρος.
14. Some Nouns ending in hr lose e in the Genitive and Dative Singular; πατὴρ, μήτηρ, γαςήρ G. πατρὸς, D. patri<, A. πατέρα.
15. But Δημήτηρ and θυγάτηρ lose e in all the oblique cases.
16. ’Ανὴρ takes d for e cut off; as, G. ἀνδρὸς, D. ajndri>.
17. Add these, ἀρὴν, ἀρνός and κύων, κυνός.
18. The FOURTH Declension, which is the First of the Contracts, has three terminations; uv, (which in a grave-toned word is Masculine, as, βότρυς in an acute-toned word Feminine, as, ἰλὺς); and w and wv, always Feminine.
19. It forms the Genitive in uov, oov, ouv the Dative, ui`, oi`, oi~. Examples of the Fourth Declension.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
βότρ-uv, uov ui` un u
Dual.
Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. & Dat.
βότρυε βοτρύοιν
Plural.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
βότρυες, truv βοτρύων βότρυ-si uav, uv uev, uv
Singular.
lec-w< oov, οῦς oi`, oi` oa, w~ oi
aijd-ὼς
Dual.
Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. & Dat.
lec-w< οῖν
Plural.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
lec-oi< ῶν οῖς οὺς oi<
20. The FIFTH Declension, which is the Second of the Contracts, has seven terminations: hv, euv, uv, Masculine; iv, Feminine; ov, i, u, Neuter.
21. It forms the Genitive in eov, ouv, or i`ov the Dative in ei`, ei, or ii`, i. Examples of the Fifth Declension.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
Σωκράτ-hv, eov, ouv ei`, ei ea, h ev
τεῖχ-ov eov, ouv ei`, ei ov ov
basil-εὺς έος ei`, ei~ έα eu~
πρέσβ-uv eov ei`, ei un u
ὀφ-iv iov ii`, i i i
σίνηπ-i iov ii`, i i i
ἀσ-u eov ei`, i u u
Dual.
Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. Dat.
Σωκράτε-e h έοιν οῖν
τείχε-a h loin οῖν
The rest are regular.
Plural.
Nom. Voc. Gen. Dat. Acc.
Σωκράτ-eev, eiv έων, ῶν esi eav, eiv
τείχ-ea, h ea, h
basil-έες, εῖς έων eo~si eav, εῖς
πρέσβ-eev, eiv
ὀφ-iev, iv ίων isi iav, iv
σινήπ-ia, i ίων isi ia, i
22. In all the Imparisyllabical Declensions, the Accusative of grave-toned Nouns impurely declined is formed in a or n as, ἐρις, ἐριδα, or ἐριν: Of Nouns purely declined, in n only; as, τέρψις, τέρψιν.
23. The Vocative is generally like the Nominative.
24. But Nouns ending in hv eov, wr orov, wn onov, hr hrov, and Adjectives in hn enov, shorten the long vowel; as, Σωκράτης, Σώκρατες: Also, σωτὴρ, σώτερ.
25. Nouns forming the Genitive in ntov drop tov as λέων, λέοντος, λεόν. Eiv entov drop s and tov as, πλακόεις πλακόεντος, πλακόει and πλακόεν.
26. Av anov forms the Vocative in an so μέλας μέλανος, μέλαν.
27. Grave-toned Nouns in iv or uv, and even acuted Adjectives drop s so τέρψις τέρψι, ὀξὺς ojxu>.
28. So does a dipthong; as, βασιλεὺς basileu~. Except ποῦς, ὀδοὺς, κτείς.
29. Sometimes x is dropped; as, ἀναξ ἀνα.
30. The Dative Plural is formed of the Dative Singular, by inserting s before i, dropping d, q, n, and t as σώματι σώμασι.
31. It is formed from the Nominative Singular, by adding i to Nouns ending in x, y, s, after a dipthong; as, κόραξ κόραξι.
32. But κτεὶς makes ktesi> ποῦς, posi> οὐς, wjsi>: The Compounds of eiv, esi as, μηδεὶς μηδέσι.
33. Enti becomes eisi onti, ousi so, τυφθέντι, τυφθεῖσι λέοντι, λέουσι.
34. R becomes rasi in Nouns that have a Syncope; as, patri< πατράσι only γαςήρ γαςῆρσι.
35. I becomes poetically esi or essi as, ἐπει` ἐπέεσσι.
36. I in the Dative Plural takes n before a vowel; as, χερσὶν ἀνίπτοις. So does εἰκοσι in all Cases.
37. HETEROCLITE Nouns, which differ from the common way of declining, are either Defective, Varient, or Redundant.
38. Nouns are defective either in Number or in Case.
39. All Proper Names, and those Nouns which are Singular only by signification, as the names of vices, metals, fruits of the earth, liquors, and the ages of men, want Dual and Plural; as, hJ φιλοσοφία, γῆρας, γάλα, χρυσός. Yet read, oiJ ἀέρες, from ἀήρ aiJ gai~, from gh~ ta< pura<, from pu’r.
40. These want the Singular and Dual, namely, the feasts of the gods; as, ta< Κρόνια: Some names of cities; as, ai ’Αθῆναι. So do ’Acaioi<, Εὐμενίδες, &Eforoi, ta< ἐπιτίμια, ta< ὀνείρατα, ta< κτέρεα.
41. Nouns defective in Case are, —
(1.) Aptots: as the Names of Letters, ἀλφα, βῆτα foreign Names as Dabid words expressing the natural voice of creatures, as the κοὰξ of frogs koi; of young pigs; Nouns cut off by Apocope, as dw~ for δῶμα, or increased by Paragoge, as, σρατόφι for σρατός and Numbers, from four to an hundred. Add these Neuters; δάος, δέμας, ἐέλδωρ, ἠδος, ἠτορ, kwvav or κῶς, μῆχος or μῆχαρ, νῶκαρ, sebav, σκίναρ, τέκμαρ and τέκμωρ, ὑπαρ, χρέως or χρείως, χρεών.
(2.) Monoptots: as, hJ δὼς, ai> κατακλῶθες, w+ τὰν, and others.
(3.) Dipots: as, ajmfw<, ἀμφοῖν oiJ φθοῖες, τοὺς φθοῖας.
(4.) Tripots: as, N. μάρτυς, A. μάρτυν, D. μάρτυσι and G. ἀλλήλων, D. ἀλλήλοις, aiv, oiv, A. ἀλλήλους, av, a.
42. Nouns vary either in Gender or in Case.
43. The following Nouns are Masculine in the Singular, and Masculine and Neuter in the Plural; as, Sing. N. oJ desmo;”, Plu. oiJ desmoi< and ta< desma> δίφρος, κύκλος, λύχνος, σαθμὸς, σῖτος, τράχηλος, δάκτυλος, μηρὸς, μοχλὸς, and others. But Sing. hJ κέλευθος, Plu. aiJ κέλευθοι and ta< κέλευθα Sing. oJ kai> hJ τάρταρος, Plu. ta< τάρταρα Sing. oJ ζυγὸς and to< ζυγὸν, Plu. only ta< zuga>. So oJ νῶτος and to< νῶτον, Plu. ta< νῶτα and some others.
44. Neuters in ar make atov in the Genitive; as, ἀλειαρ, ἀλειφαρ, δέλεαρ, ἐδαρ, h=par, κάρηαρ, κτέαρ, ὀνειαρ, οὐθαρ, πεῖραρ, σέαρ, φρέαρ Gen. ἀλείατος, etc. Add to these, γάλα γάλακτος, ὀναρ ὀνείρατος, οὐς ὠτὸς, σκὼρ σκατὸς, ὑδωρ ὑδατος, hJ gunh< γυναικὸς, Voc. γύναι. Sing. Nom. oJ Ζεὺς, Gen. Ζηνὸς or Διὸς, Dat. Zhni< or Dii`>, Acc. Ζῆνα or Δία, Voc. w= Zeu~.
Γόνυ and δόρυ, in prose, make γόνατος and δόρατος in the Genitive. But the Poets use γουνὸς and δουρός.
Ναῦς, in prose, is thus declined: Sing. Nom. hJ ναῦς, Gen. νεὼς, Dat.νὴι, Acc. ναῦν. Plur. Nom. νῆες, Gen. νεῶν, Dat. nausi<, Acc. ναῦς.
45. Redundants in the Nomative are, —
(1.) Several Masculines in hr and wr, as, κλητὴρ and κλήτωρ in hr and hv, as, πλασὴρ, πλασής: Also, υἱὸς, υἱεύς.
(2.) Many Feminines in a and h, as, ἀχνα, ἀχνη in hv and ov and in iv and ia: Also, ἀηδὼν and ἀηδώς.
(3.) Many Neuters in ov and on, as, to; δένδρος, δένδρον in on and ion, as, ἀεθλον ion.
(4.) These also are redundant in the Nominative; σρατὸς ia<, baqmov ὶς, αὐχμὸς mh<, aju`τμὴν mh<, δελφὶς ὶν, ἀκτὶς ὶν, θὶς θίν with many others.
46. Several Nouns ending in ouv, wv, iv, and hv, are redundant in the Genitive; as, Nom. νοῦς, Gen. ou~ and οός. Μίως, Gen. w and wov oJ γέλως, wtov and w. hJ τίγρις, Gen. idov and iov hJ θέμις, idov and isov oJ δάρης, Gen. ou and htov with some others.