Section 14: Syntax

SECTION XIV.

OF SYNTAX.

THE Article is used,

1. In expounding; as, oJ Κύριος ’Ιησοῦς, the Lord Jesus.

2. In showing; as, oJ ποιητής, the poet (meaning Homer).

3. In distinguishing; as, κύων oJ oujranou~, oujk oJ γῆς, he the heavenly dog, not Diogenes the earthly.

4. It frequently supplies the place of the Participle w}n, especially before a Preposition or an Adverb; as, oJ ejn τοῖς οὐρανοῖς,, which art in heaven.

5. It is often put in the Neuter Gender before Indeclinables, and words used τεχνικῶς as, ἐλεγχος ἀπισίας to< πῶς peri< Qoou~ λέγειν.

6. It supplies the place of a Noun left out by Ellipsis; as, ’Ιάκωβος oJ tou~ ’Αλφαίου, James, the son of Alpheus.

7. It is often used for ou=tov and ἐκεῖνος, when joined with μὲν and kai> as, oiJ μὲν kaloi<, oiJ de< kakoi<, these indeed are good, but these are bad.

8. Every Verb agrees with its Nominative Case in Number and Person; every Adjective, with its Substantive in Gender, Number, and Case; every Realative, with its Antecedent in Gender and Number.

9. Neuters of the Plural Number have generally a Verb of the Singular; as, πάντα di>j aujtou~ ἐγένετο, all things were made by him.

10. Dual Nouns are often joined to Plural Adjectives or Verbs; as, ejx ἀμφοῖν ψευδῶν, of both falsehoods: δύω poiou~ καιροὺς tou~ λέγειν, appoint two opportunities of speaking.

11. Sometimes Plural nouns of the Masculine and Feminine Genders have Singular Verbs; as, ἀχεῖται ojmfai<, the woods resound.

12. plural Adjectives often change their Substatives into a Genitive Case; as, φαῦλοι τῶν ἀνθρώπων, for φαῦλοι ἀνθρωποι, wicked men.

13. Substantives are often used for Adjectives; as, τὴν ἑλλάδα φωνῆν ἐξέμαθον, I have learned the Greek tounge.

14. The Relative and Antecedent are often put in the same Case; as, ἐπίσευσαν tw~| λόγῳ w=| εἰπεν, they believed the word which he spoke.

15. The word ἑνεκα is often understood; as, μακάριος τῆς πίσεως, blessed for his faith.

16. A Genitive Case put by itself denotes abominating or detesting; as, τῆς ἀναιδείας, O the impudence!

17. Adjectives which signify condemnation, desire, dignity, distinction, ignorance, knowledge, plenty, want, etc., govern a Genitive Case.

18. So do Nouns Partitive, Indefinite, Interrogative, Nouns of Number, Comparitives, and Superlatives; and all than govern an Ablative in Latin.

19. Nouns expressing measure, praise or dispraise, are also put in the Genitive Case: So is the Noun of price.

20. Some Adjectives which signify likeness govern a Genitive Case; as, ὁμοιος ἀνθρώπου, like the man.

21. The Genitive Case of the Pronoun Primitive is put in the place of the Possessive; as, πατήρ mou, for πατὴρ ἐμός, my father.

22. Verbs of absolving, abstaining, accusing, admiring, attaining, beginning, casting lots, caring, commanding, condemning, contemning, depriving, desiring, despising, enjoying, filling, following, leaving, loving, neglecting, partaking, putting off, remembering, selling, sparing, and wanting, generally govern a Genitive Case; as, ἀρχομαι λόγου, I begin my speech.

23. But some of them, an Accusative also; as, ἐλαχε ἡμικλήρου, kai< ἑδραν kathgorw~ πεπραγμένων, kai< ψεῦδος.

24. Verbs of sense govern a Genitive Case; save those that pertain to the sight, which govern an Accusative.

25. Verbs of changing govern a Genitive of the thing received, with an Accusative of the thing given; as, ἀμείβει χρύσεα χαλκείων.

26. Verbs Passive often govern a Genitive of the agent with a Preposition, sometimes a Dative; as, νοῦς uJpo< οἰνου διαφθείρεται, the mind is corrupted by wine.

27. The Ablative Absolute in Latin is made by the Genitive in Greek; as, ejmou~ διδάσκοντος, when I was teaching: Sometimes by the Dative; as, παριόντι ta~| ejniauta~|, at the close of the year. Sometimes the Substantive is omitted; as, ἐλθόντων de>.

28. Verbs of the Active Voice have often the signification of the Passive, and have also a Pasive construction; as, ἀπαλλάττω uJpo> sou, I am freed by thee.

29. The Impersonals, dei~, δεῖται, προσέδει, it is necessary; dokei~, it seemeth; μέλει, it is cared for; μεταμέλει, it repenteth; προσήκει, it belongeth; dia φέρει, it concerneth; μέτεσι, it partakes of, ἐνδέχεται, it may be; govern a Dative, or a Dative with a Genitive; as, διαφέρει moi τοῦτο πάμπολυ, this concerns me much; μετέμελεν aujtw~| τῆς oJdou~, it repented him of his journey; dei~ moi πολέμου, I have need of war.

30. Adjectives signifying contrariety, disprofit, likeness, profit, unlikeness, etc., govern a Dative Case; as, φίλος soi, friendly to thee.

31. Verbs put acquisitively, also Verbs of agreeing, discoursing together, envying, following, giving, helping, hurting, leaning, obeying, praying, rejoicing, reproving, resisting, striving, upbraiding, govern a Dative Case; as, ἑπομαι τοῖς παλαιοῖς, I follow the ancients.

32. So do these Impersonals; συμβαίνει, it is meet; ἐξεσι, it is lawful; πρόσεσι, it is over and above; γίγνεται, it is; and πρέπει, it becometh.

33. Nouns signifying the cause, the instrument, or manner, of doing, are put in the Dative Case; as, ἠλασε ξίφει, kai< ἀπεφνε δόλῳ ouj κράτει`, he smote him with a sword, and killed him by deceit, not by strength.

34. The verb χράομαι, and Verbs and Adjectives compounded with σὸν and oJmou~, govern a Dative Case; as, μηκέτι ὑδροπότει, ajll οἰνῳ ὀλίγῳ crw~, drink no longer water, but use a little wine; ουγχαίρειν crh< τοῖς, we must rejoice with our friends; ὁμοιούσιος tw~| Patri<, consubstantial with the Father.

35. Sometimes χράομαι governs an Accusative.

36. Adjectives, if kata<, as to, is understood, govern an Accusative Case; as, Ρωμαῖος πατρίδα, a Roman as to his country.

37. So do Active and Deponent Verbs; as, νεκρὸν ἰατρεύειν, kai< γέροντα νουθετεῖν, ταῦτό ejsi, it is the same thing to cure a dead man, and to instruct an old man.

38. As likewise verbs Passive, by the figure Synecdoche; as, πλήττομαι τὴν κεφαλὴν, I am struck upon the head.

39. Every Verb admits of an Accusative of its cognate signification; as, ἐχάρησαν χαρὰν μεγάαλην.

40. Verbs of speaking or doing, with the Adverbs καλῶς or κακῶς, or the like, govern an Accusative Case; as, καλῶς ποιεῖτε τοὺς μισοῦντας ὑμᾶς, do good to those that hate you.

41. So do the Impersonals, crh<, it behoveth; πρέπει, it becometh; dei~, it behoveth; and most others, with an Infinitive Mood.

42. Verbs Passive sometimes govern an Accusative; as, mwrw~| ouj πισεύεται τὴν ἀρχὴν, government is not entrusted to a fool.

43. Some Verbs govern divers Cases; as, ἐπιλείπει moi (kai< me) τόδε, this is wanting to me; ἀρχει τῆς πόλεως, (kai th~| πόλει,) he is chief over the city; λοιδορῶσοι, (kai< se,) I reproach thee; proskunw~ tw~| Qew~|, (kai< τὸν Θεὸν,) I worship God.

44. Verbs compounded with Prepositions govern the same Cases with the Prepositions themselves; as, ἀππολέλυσαι τῆς ἀσθενείας, thou art loosed from thine infirmity; ουζήσομεν aujtw~|, we shall live with him; παραβαίνετε τὴν ἐντολὴν, ye transgress the commandment.

45. The Infinitive Mood follows Verbs or Adjectives; as, βουλόμεθα γνῶναι, we would know; ἀξιος κληθῆναι, worthy to be called.

46. It has sometimes a Nominative Case before it; as, φάσκοντες εἰναι dsofoi<, pretending that they were wise.

47. The Infinitive Mood is sometimes put for the Imperative, another Verb being understood; as, mh< κλαίειν, for mh< ajrcou~ or dei~ κλαίειν, do not weep.

48. It is frequently joined to the Neuter Article, and used as a Noun through all the Cases; as, Nom. to< λαλεῖν, talking; Gen. to< λίαν tou~ φιλεῖν, the excess of love; Dat. tw~| χαίρειν ἑπεται, follows rejoicing; Acc. kata< to< δύνασθαι, according to their ability.

49. It is used, with or without an Article, instead of Gerunds and Supines; as, καιρὸς ὑμῖν tou~ ἀπιέναι ajpo< tou~ μάχεσθαι, πρὸς to< ἐνταφιάσαι me, it is time for you to depart from fighting, to bury me; ὡρα ἀπιέναι λέγειν αἰσχρόν.

50. Verbs of the Infinitive Mood are used with the Verb μέλλω for the Future of all Verbs; as, μέλλει ζητεῖν, he will seek: μέλλει παραδίδοσθαι, he will be delivered.

51. Whennecessity is signified, Verbals in τέον are used, which for the most part govern a Dative or Accusative; as, ἰτέον moi, I must go: Yet they often govern the Cases of their Verbs; as, μνημονευτέον Qeou~, we must think of God.

52. Participles govern the Cases of their Verbs; as, ὀλιγωρῶν τῆς παιδείας, despising instruction.

53. Participles are sometimes put instead of Nouns; as, eu+ εἰδὼς, for εἰδήμων τόξων, well skilled at the bow.

54. A Participle agreeing with the Nominative Case of the foregoing Verb, is often used for the Infinitive Mood; especially in Verbs of persevering and leaving off, of knowledge or affection; as, ἀγαπῶν me διατέλει, persevere in loving me.

55. Verbal Adjectives, which signify Passively, and Participles in τέος, τέα, τέον, govern a Dative Case; as, τίμιος panti< tw~| law~| had in reputation among all the people; βαδισέον moi, I must go.

56. The Noun of time which answers the question, when? is put in the Genitive or Dative, rarely in the Accusative; as, h=lqe νυκτὸς, he came by night; th~| ἡμέρᾳ th~| τρίτῃ, the third day; ὡραν ἑβδόμην, the seventh hour.

57. But that which answers the question, how long? is put in the Accusative or Dative, rarely in the Genitive; ἐμεινε μῆνας τρεῖς, he tarried three months; εἰκοσιν ὁλοις ἐτεσιν, twenty whole years; νυκτὸς kai< ἡμέρας, night and day.

58. The Proper Name of a place is commonly used with a Preposition; as, ejx ’Αθηνῶν, from Athens; eijv βρεταννίαν, to Britian; ejn th~| Ρώμῃ, in Rome.