Section 2: Accents

SECTION II

OF ACCENTS

1. THERE are three accents; an acute(‘), a grave (`), a circumflex (ˆ).

2. The last, last but one, or last but two syllables, whether long or short, may have an acute accent; the last, or last but one, if long, may have a circumflex.

3. A grave is never placed but upon the last.

4. If a word has an acute on the last syllable but two, it is termed an ante-penacute; as, ἀγγελος. If on the last but one, a penacute; as κόσμος. If it has either an acute or a grave on the last, it is termed acute-toned; as, βαρύς.

5. If the last syllable but one is circumflected, it is termed an ante-circumflected; if the last, a circumflex word.

6. A word that has no accenton the last syllable is termed a grave-toned; as λίθος. For a grave is understood over every syllable which has no accent.

7. An acute cannot be on the third, nor a circumflex on the second syllable, if the last is long; so ἀγγέλων, σύκου.

8. If a long syllable, that precedes a final short one, has any accent, it is a circumflex; as, μοῦσα.

9. A final ai or oi is accounted short; as ἀνθρωποι unless contracted, or in the Optative Mood.

10. An accent is on the same syllable in other Cases as in the Nominative; so φροντὶς, φροντίδος.

11. Nouns of the First Declension circumflect their Genitive Plural; as, μουσῶν.

12. But the Genative Plural Femine of Adjectives of three endings in ov pure are accented like their Masculines; as, G. ἁγίων ἁγίων ἁγίων. So is the Genative Plural of χλούνης, ἐτήσιος, χρήσης as, χλούνων, etc.

13. Acute-toned words of the First and Second Declension circumflex all their Genitives and Datives.

14. Imparisyllabical monosyllables circumflect their Genitives in the Dual and Plural Numbers; as, χειροῖν, χειρῶν.

15. The Vocative Case circumflects eu~ and oi~, and throws back the accent when it ends in er as, πατὴρ, πάτερ.

16. Monosyllables, unless contracted, are acuted: But, if they are contracted or cut off by Aphaeresis, they are circumflected; as, φῶς of φάος, ἠν for φῆν or ἐφην and so are u=v, σῦς, μῦς, δρῦς, and some others.

17. In dissyllables, and others, when the last but one is long, and the last short, (or long by position,) the last but one, if it has an accent, is circumflected; as, σῶμα, ἐκεῖνος, αὐλαξ.

18. Otherwise, in dissyllables the last but one, if it has any accent, must be acuted, be the last long or short; as, λόγος, μένε, λόγου, ἠρως.

19. In polysyllables, if the last short, the last but two is acuted; as, ἀνθρωπος.

20. But (1.) Participles of the Preterperfect Passive, Verbals in τέος, Compounds of Nouns, and the Preterperfect of the Middle Voice, are excepted; as, τετυμμένος, λεκτέος, ἀνδροφόνος.

21. So (2.) are Diminutives ending in iskov, and ίλος as, νεανίσκος, ναυτίλος: And a few other Nouns; as, παρθένος, ὀλίγος, ἐναντίος, ἀθρόος, and some others: Also, Adverbs of Place in qen, qi, and se, from Nouns which have the accent on the last; as, οὐρανόθεν, οὐρανόθι, οὐρανόσε, from οὐρανός.

22. But if the last is long, the last but one is acuted; as, ἀνθρώπου.

23. But the Attic and Ionic Dialects are expected; as, Μενέλεως, πόλεως, Αἰνείεω for Αἰνείου.

24. In Contractions, an acute and a grave make a circumflex; as, βασιλέας, βασιλεῖς ποιέω, poiw~ βοαέτε, βοᾶτε.

25. But a grave and an acute make an acute; as, ἑσάως, ἑσώς βοαέτω, βοάτω.

26. An Enclitic is word that throws its accent on another word.

27. Enclitics quite lose their accent,

(1.) When a monosyllable Enclitic follows a word acuted on the last but one; as, ἀνδρασου:

(2.) When any Enclitic follows a word with its last syllable circumflected or acuted; as, oJrw~ tinav, ἀυήρ tiv.

Examples of all Enclitics.

Monosyllables. Dissyllables.

Κύριός sou Κύριός ejsi Κύριός sou> ejsi

Δοῦλός sou δοῦλός ejsi τύπτουσι me> tinev

Λόγος sou λόγος ejsi ἑνεκα sou~

Qew~| sou Qew~| ejsi ἐσι πόλος

Θεός mou Θεός ejsi ajll’ ἐσι, τοῦτ’ έσι.

28. Monosyllables of the Third Declension have their accent on the last syllable of their Genitives and Datives, but on the first of their Nominatives, Accusatives, and Vocatives; as, χεὶρ, χειρὸς, ceiri<, χεῖρα χεῖρε, χειροῖν χεῖρες, χειρῶν, cersi<, χεῖρας.

29. So have such words as are declined by a syncope; as, ajn<hr, ἀνδρὸς and also gunh<, γυναικὸς.

30. But Participles are excepted; as, θεὶς, θέντος w}n, ὀντος to which add these Genitives Plural, da>|dwn, δμώων, κράτων, λάων, παίδων, τρώων, φώτων, ὠτων, πάντων, and πᾶσι.

31. The accents of Verbs and Participles remain on the same syllable, in all their Tenses, as in their Roots; τύπτω, τιμάω, ἱσημι unless some general rule obstructs.

32. These Fourteen Monosyllables have no accent; oJ, hJ, oiJ, aiJ, ouj, oujk, oujc, eij, wJv, ejn, eijv or ejv, ejk or ejx.

33. But ouj, ejk, and ώς, have an acute when they end a sentence; as, oJ de< ἐφη, ὀυ.