Section 13: Adverbs, Conjs, Preps.
SECTION XIII.
OF ADVERBS, CONJUNCTIONS, AND PREPOSITIONS.
1. AN Adverb is either Primitive, as νῦν, τότε, or Derivative in si, as, eJllhnisi> in don, as κυνηδόσ in hn, as, κρύβδην or in ei, as pansudei~.
2. Adverbs ending in wv are taken from the Genitive Plural of a Noun Adjective; as, ἀληθῶς, from τῶν ἀληθῶν.
3. De, se, ze, are marks of Adverbs which signify to a place: qen, qe, from a place; qi, si, cou, ch, in a place; as, οὐρανόνδε, οὐρανόθε, παντόθι.
4. ’Ara, ejri, ajga, bou, bri, da, za, la, li, prefixed to other words, increase their signification.
5. Ha and ne diminish it.
6. Eu shows Easiness; duv, Difficulty or Malignity.
7. Adjectives of the Neuter Gender often become Adverbs; as, ojxu>: So do many of the Feminine, as ἰδία so also ἀρχήν and τήν ἀρχὴν.
8. Pronouns are sometimes also taken Adverbially; as, ταῦτά toi, ταῦτ’ ἀρα.
9. Some Adverbs are compared thus; φρονίμως, φρονιμωτέρως, φρονιμωτάτως ἀνω, ἀνωτέρω μάλα, μᾶλλον, μάλισα τάχυ, θᾶττον, τάχισα.
10. Adverbs of Time, Place, and Quanity, are sometimes joined to the Genitive of Nouns; as, pou~ γῆς, ἁλις ἁλός.
11. So are Adverbs resembling the nature of Prepositions; as ἑνεκά so sou, ἀνευ κινδύνου, χωρὶς ἀρετῆς, πλὴν χρημάτων, ἐνώπιον tou~ Qeou~, λάθρα τῶν ἀλλων.
12. Derivative Adverbs govern the Case of their Primitives; as, ἀξίως τῶν προγόνων, ὁμοίως τοῖς ἀλλων.
13. $Ama and oJmou~ are joined to a Dative; as, ἁμα αὐτοῖς, ojmou~ τοῖς συμμάχοις..
14. Adverbs of swearing are joined to an Accusative; nh; τὸν Δία, ma< τὸν ’Απόλλω.
15. Oi] and w+ are joined to all Cases; oujai<, to a Dative.
16. The Adverb mh<, forbidding, is commonly joined to the Imperative or Subjunctive Moods; and may be joined to all other Moods, except the Indicative.
17. Two or three Negative Adverbs in a sentence make the negation stronger; as, ouj mh< ἐκβάλω ἐξω, I will in nowise cast out.
18. But two Negatives, seperated by the interposition of a Verb, make an Affirmative; as, ouj δύναμαι mh< μεμνήσθαι aujtou~, I cannot help remembering him.
19. The Adverb εἰθε is joined in the Present and Future to the Optative Mood; as, εἰθε γράφοιμι: But in the Preterperfect, to the Indicative; as, εἰθε ἐγραφα.
20. Some Conjunctions are often used, both by poets and orators, only as Expletives; that is, they express nothing, but only serve to fill up the sentence. They add, however, a certain emphasis and beauty to the context, if judiciously made use of: Such are a}n, ἀρα, a}r, rJa, ge, dh<, qen, ke, ken, nu, nun, per, poi, pou, pw, toi.
These Prepositions have a Genitive: —
ajnti<, contra propter. ejk, ejc, or ejx, è, ex.
ajpo<, à, ab, ex, de. pro<, prae, ante, pro.
These, a Dative: —
ejn, in, inter, apud, prope, per. σὺν, cum, praeter, post. This, an Accusative: —
eijv, ad, in, erga, versu;s, super, intra, circa.
These have a Genitive, Dative, and Accusative: —
para<, à, apud, contra, propè, trans.
ejpi<, super, in, ad, propter, contra.
uJper, super, pro, supra, praeter.
ajmfi<, de, circum, pro.
ajna<, per, cum, circiter, circum.
kata<, contra, secundùm, adversus, de.
peri<, de, circum, propter.
meta<, cum, post, in.
πρὸς, ad, apud, penes, à.
uJpo<, ub, subter, ab, ad, etc.
This has a Genitive, and Accusative: —
dia<, per, propter, ob.
Postulat ajnti<, ajpo<, et ejk, pro< Secundum: Tertium et ejn, σύν. Eijv Quartum: Reliquis sunt, Gen. Dat. et Acc. para<, ejpi<, ὑπὲρ, ’Amfi<, ajna<, kata<, peri<, meta<, πρὸσ que: At dia< Gen. que Acc.