Section 12: Irregular Tenses
SECTION XII.
OF THE IRREGULAR TENSES.
1. THE First Future of the Active Voice casts away i from ai or ei in the last syllable but one of the Fourth Conjugation; as, φαίνω, fanw~ σπείρω, sperw~.
2. Kaijw and κλαίω turn i into u as, καύσω, κλαύσω.
3. Zw often forms xw, as, κράζω, κράξω more seldom gxw, as, κλάζω, κλάγξω sometimes sw and xw, as, ἁρπάζω, ἁρπάσω and ἁρπάξω.
4. A few Verbs in ssw form the Future in sw as, πλάσσω, πλάσω.
5. In some Contrtact Verbs the Future keeps the vowel of the Present Tense; as, δικάω, δικάσω τελέω, τελέσω ἀρόω, ἀρόσω: Also a in all Verbs in aw after l and r pure, also after e and i as, γελάω, γελάσω ὀράω, ὁράσω ἐάω, ἐάσω κοπιάω, κοπιάσω.
6. A short vowel in the Future Tense is also retained in the Perfect; but καλέω, καλέσω, forms κέκληκα. Yet the one takes again its short vowel, and the other its long one, in the Future Passive; as, δεθήσομαι, κληθήσομαι.
7. The First Indefinite Tense of the Active Voice of the Fourth Conjugation resumes ei as, σπείρω, sperw~, ἐσπειρα. It also changes the e of the Present into ei as, νέμω, nemw~, ἐνειμα: It changes a of the Future into h as, φαίνω, fanw~, ἐφῃνα: But in the Passive Voice the short vowel returns; as, ἐφῃνα, ἐφάνθην.
8. The Second Future of the Active Voice turns the last syllable but one, e, h, w, ai, au, into a as, τρέπω, trapw~ λήθω, laqw~ τρώγω, tragw~ kaiw, kaw~ παύω, paw~: But λέγω, legw~, etc. is expected.
9. From the last but one ou it casts away u as ἀκούω, ajkou~ from eu and ei, e as, φεύγω, fugw~ λείπω, lipw~. But ei of the Fourth Conjugation lays aside i in words of three syllables; as, ἐγείρω, ejgetw~ and becomes a in words of two syllables; as, σπείρω, sparw~.
10. In Verbs in xw or ssw, if they make the First Future in sw, it is formed by dw~ if in xw, by gw~ as, φράζω, φράσω, fradw~ ὀρύσσω, ὀρύξω, ojrugw~.
11. Instead of p, it takes b in these three, βλάπτω blabw~, καλύπτω kalubw~, κρύπτω kkrubw~ f in these eight, ἁπτω aJfw~, βάπτω bafw~, δρύπτω drufw~, θάπτω tafw~, θρύπτω trufw~, ῥάπτω rJafw~, ῥίπτω rJifw~, σκάπτω skafw~.
12. The Preterperfect Tense of the Active Voice changes the last syllable but one, ei, ai, and sometimes e,as the Second Future; as, σπείρω, ἐσπαρκα ἐγείρω, ἠγερκα σέλλω, ἐσαλκα φαίνω, πέφαγκα.
13. From Verbs in ίνω or είνω of two syllables it takes n as, κρίνω, κέκρικα τείνω, τέτακα. Hka often throws away the first vowel of the Present; as, τέμνω, τέτμηκα.
14. The First Future and the First Indefinite of the Passive Voice change the last syllable ei, of the Fourth Conjugation, as the Second Future; as, σπαρθήσομαι, ἐσπάρθην ἐγερθήσομαι, ἐγέρθην. They also cast away n, like the Perfect Tense; as, τείνω, taqhsomai, ἐτάθην κρίνω, κριθήσομαι, ἐκρίθην: But among the Poets n is preserved; as, ἐκρίνθην.
15. They often lose s, especially when the last syllable but one is long; as, σώσω, σωθήσομαι, ἐσώθην τιμήσω, τιμηθήσομαι, ἐτιμήθην: And the Indefinte turns h into e, as, εὑρέθην but sometimes it is formed by h and e as, ejrjrJhqhn, ἐῤῥέθην.
16. In Verbs which take the first vowel of the Present from the Perfect in hka, they always take away the same vowel; as, τμηθήσομαι, κληθήσομαι. They form mw into ηθήσομαι, ήθην as, nemw~, νεμηθήσομαι, ἐνεμήθην.
17. The Perfect passive takes away e from the last syllable, like the Second Future; as, φεύλω, πέφυγμαι. In Verbs in αίνω, ύνω, it takes s for n as, φαίνω, πέφασμαι μολύνω, μεμόλυσμαι.
18. Of τρέπω, τρέφω, σρέφω, it changes e into a as, τέτραμμαι, τέθραμμαι, ἐσραμμαι.
19. In w pure, when the last syllable but one is long, it seldom takes s as, ἀκούω, ἠκουσμαι: When it is short, it seldom rejects it; δέω, δέδεμαι. Sometimes it either takes or rejects; as, κλείω, κέκλεισμαι and κέκλειμαι.