1 Kings · Chapter 1

V. 1. Old-Being in the end of his seventieth year. No heat-Which is not strange in a person who had been exercised with so many hardships in war, and with such tormenting cares, and fears, and sorrows, for his own sins (as divers of his Psalms witness) and for the sins and miseries of his children and people. Besides, this might be from the nature of his bodily distemper.

Verse 1. Now King David was old] He was probably now about sixty-nine years of age. He was thirty years old when he began to reign, reigned forty, and died in the seventieth year of his age, 2 Samuel 5:4, and 1 Kings 2:11; and the transactions mentioned here are supposed to have taken place about a year before his death.

But he gat no heat.] Sixty-nine was not an advanced age; but David had been exhausted with various fatigues, and especially by family afflictions, so that he was much older in constitution than he was in years. Besides he seems to have laboured under some wasting maladies, to which there is frequent reference in the Psalms.

Verse 1. Now King David was old — Being in the end of his seventieth year. They covered him with clothes, but he gat no heat — Which is not strange, considering he was a person who had been exercised with so many hardships in war, and with such tormenting cares, and fears, and sorrows for his own sins, (as divers of his psalms witness,) and for the sins and miseries of his children and people. Besides, this might be from the nature of his bodily distemper, which Dr. Lightfoot thinks was a dead palsy. [David now began to feel the effects of old age, and probably remembered with lively interest the words of his faithful friend Barzillai, spoken some time before: “Can I discern between good and evil? can thy servant taste what I eat or what I drink?”]

DAVID’S OLD AGE, 1-4.

In these introductory verses the writer prepares the way for the history that follows. The age and infirmity of David account for the ease with which Adonijah seems to usurp royal powers, and our introduction here to the fair Abishag prepares us for subsequent events in Adonijah’s career. 1 Kings 2:12-25.

1. David was old — As he was thirty years old when he began to reign, and reigned forty years, (2 Samuel 5:4,) he must now have been in his seventieth year. Stricken in years — Literally, as the margin, entered into days; far gone in days, having reached an advanced period of life. Clothes — Probably bedclothes are to be understood; coverlets. He gat no heat — Literally, there was no heat to him. Abundance of clothes could not restore animal heat to a decrepit system. The older expositors assign various causes for this lack of animal heat: as, an attack of some disease of a chilling nature; the loss of much blood by war and other ways; or the result of excessive labours in earlier life. But the loss of animal warmth is a common experience of the old age of persons who have spent a life of vicissitudes and anxious toils.

V. 2. Servants-His physicians. Virgin-Whose natural heat is fresh and wholesome, and not impaired with bearing or breeding of children. The same counsel doth Galen give for the cure of some cold and dry distempers. Stand-That is, minister unto him, or wait upon him, in his sickness, as occasion requires. Lie in his bosom-As his wife: for that she was so, may appear by divers arguments. First, otherwise this had been a wicked course; which therefore neither his servants durst have prescribed, nor would David have used, especially being now in a dying condition. Secondly, it appears from this phrase of lying in his bosom, which is everywhere in scripture mentioned as the privilege of a wife. Thirdly, this made Adonijah’s crime in desiring her to wife, so heinous in Solomon’s account, because he saw, that by marrying the king’s wife he designed to revive his pretence to the kingdom.

Verse 2. Let there be sought-a young virgin] This was the best remedy which in his state could be prescribed. His nearly exhausted frame would infallibly absorb from her young and healthy body an additional portion of animal heat, and consequently trim and revive the flame of animal life. This is properly, as I have elsewhere expressed it, Friar Bacon’s secret for the cure of old age.

Verse 2. Wherefore his servants — His physicians; said, Let there be sought for the king a young virgin — Whose natural heat is fresh and wholesome, and not impaired with bearing or breeding children. The same counsel is given by Galen for the cure of some cold and dry distempers. Let her stand before the king — That is, minister unto him, or wait upon him in his sickness, as occasion requires. And let her lie in his bosom — As his wife; for that she was so, may appear by divers arguments. 1st, Otherwise this had been a wicked course; which, therefore, neither his servants would have dared to prescribe, nor would David have used, especially being now in a dying condition. 2d, It appears from this phrase of lying in his bosom, which is everywhere in Scripture mentioned as the privilege of a wife. 3d, This made Adonijah’s crime, in desiring her to wife, so heinous in Solomon’s account, because he saw, that by marrying the king’s wife, he designed to revive his pretence to the kingdom.

Verse 2. A young virgin. This raised Abishag to the rank of a betrothed wife. No doubt there were precedents for this conduct, but history is silent on the subject.

2. His servants — Josephus calls them his physicians. Let her cherish him — Literally, let her be to him a female nurse. It was one part of her service to attend to his private wants, to perform the various little items of nursing expected of a familiar attendant. All this is comprehended in the word tnks, a female attendant. Another part of her service was to lie in the king’s bosom, that is, sleep with him, and thus communicate to him animal heat and vigour. This method of recruiting the wasted vigour of age is natural and well known; but while it benefits the old, it must needs take away from the strength of the young. The too common practice of young persons sleeping with aged aunts, uncles, or grandparents is the ruin of many a naturally vigorous and healthy constitution.

3. Abishag a Shunammite — So called from her native city Shunem, in the tribe of Issachar, the modern Solam, at the base of the Little Hermon. See on Joshua 19:18. A needless controversy has been raised as to whether Abishag really became the acknowledged wife or concubine of David. In what respects she served the king is here precisely told, and all beyond this is fruitless speculation. The fact, however, that she slept in the king’s bosom placed her virtually in the position of a concubine, so that Adonijah’s subsequent effort to obtain her as his wife was construed by Solomon into an attempt to invade the royal harem, and thus establish a claim to the throne.

V. 4. Knew her not-Which is mentioned to note the continuance and progress of the king’s malady.

Verse 4. The king knew her not.] The maxim of Bacon in his enigmatical cure is, “Take all you can from the medicine, but give nothing to it; if you give any thing, it increases the disease and hastens death.” I have seen this abundantly verified; but it is a subject on which it would be improper to dilate except in a medical work. An extract from Friar Bacon’s Cure of Old Age may be found at the end of the chapter. See Clarke “1 Kings 1:53”.

Verse 4. The king knew her not — Did not enjoy her as his wife, but she remained still a virgin: which is mentioned to signify the continuance and progress of the king’s malady.

4. The king knew her not — This explicit statement, as well as all that goes before, is a sufficient vindication of David from the charge of taking a fair young concubine in his old age in order to gratify lewd passions. The whole procedure was in perfect accordance with the morals of the time. No one looked upon it as a scandal, and Bath-sheba herself evidently found no fault.

V. 5. Then-Upon notice of the desperateness of the king’s disease, and the approach of his death. Exalted-Entertained high thoughts and designs. I will-As the right of the kingdom is mine, ver. 6, so I will now take possession of it. Prepared-As Absalom had done upon the like occasion, 2 Samuel 15:1.

Verse 5. Adonijah the son of Haggith] Who this woman was we know not; Adonijah was evidently David’s eldest son now living, and one of whom his father was particularly fond; see 1 Kings 1:6. Prepared him chariots and horsemen] He copied the conduct of his brother Absalom in every respect. See 2 Samuel 15:1.

Verse 5. Then — Upon notice of the desperateness of the king’s disease, and the approach of his death; Adonijah exalted himself — Entertained high thoughts and designs; saying, I will be king — As the right of the kingdom is mine, (verse 6,) so I will now take possession of it. And he prepared him chariots, &c. — As Absalom had done upon the like occasion, 1 Samuel 15:1.

Ver. 5. Then Adonijah, the younger brother of Absalom, aspired to the throne. These youths being sons of a princess of Geshur, assumed a sovereignty over their brothers, whose mothers were daughters of Hebrew families.

ADONIJAH’S USURPATION, 5-10.

5. Adonijah the son of Haggith — The fourth son of David, born at Hebron, while his father reigned over Judah only. 2 Samuel 3:4, 5. Exalted himself — Became puffed up with a proud ambition, and urged his right and title to the kingdom. He was now the oldest living child of David, for Amnon and Absalom had perished, and Chileab seems to have been also dead, for we have no mention of him after his birth; so Adonijah could justly plead the rights of primogeniture. But the kingdom of Israel had not yet attained established usages as to regnal succession; and as Jehovah designated both Saul and David to the royal honours, and lifted them from obscurity to the highest position in the nation, so also he designated Solomon as David’s successor on the throne. 1 Chronicles 22:9, 10; 28:5, 6. In the face of this Divine interposition, how vain must be Adonijah’s ambition! He prepared him chariots — Affected royal dignity, as the rebellious Absalom had done before him. 2 Samuel 15:1. His action was all the more culpable from the fact that a full knowledge of Absalom’s miserable end did not deter him from following in his steps.

V. 6. Displeased him-This is noted as David’s great error, and the occasion of Adonijah’s presumption. Saying-He neither restrained him from, nor reproved him for his miscarriages: which David well knew was a great sin. Goodly man-This was a second ground of his confidence, because his great comeliness made him amiable in the peoples eyes.

Verses 6, 7. His father had not displeased him at any time — This is mentioned as David’s great error, and the occasion of Adonijah’s presumption. In saying, Why hast thou done so? — He had neither restrained him from, nor reproved him for his miscarriages, which David knew was a great sin. He also was a very goodly man — This was a second ground of his confidence, because his great comeliness made him amiable in the people’s eyes. His mother bare him after Absalom — This is mentioned as a third reason why he expected the crown. Absalom being dead, he was next to him in order of birth. See 2 Samuel 3:3, 4. He conferred with Joab and with Abiathar — Whom it is likely he knew to be two discontented persons; the former on account of David’s putting Amasa in his place, and the other because he saw Zadok in greater favour than himself. They helped him — Probably, not so much because they thought the right of the crown was his, as with a view to oppose Solomon, and to secure and advance their own interest. It seems that God left them to themselves, to correct them for former miscarriages, with a rod of their own making.

Ver. 6. His father had not displeased him. Vulgate, nec corripuit, had not corrected him. When the Spanish robbers were amusing the feast with tales, one said that he had been delicately brought up, never corrected, but always indulged in what he wanted. Another replied, that his lot had been just the reverse. He had been beaten, starved, kicked about, and left altogether without instruction. Both these modes of education lay the sure foundation of ruin to a boy.

6. His father had not displeased him — By attempting to correct his youthful follies and ambitious actions. Here was one of David’s weaknesses. His parental tenderness ran away with his judgment, and caused him many sorrows. At any time — wymym, from his days; that is, from Adonijah’s days. All his life David had allowed him to have his own way. Schmidt, Keil, and others understand “from his days” to refer to the days of Adonijah’s ambitious movements to attain the throne; but if that were the meaning, the phrase in question would seem entirely superfluous. A very goodly man — That is, good-looking. Like Absalom his brother, whose beauty was praised in all the gates of Israel. 2 Samuel 14:25. His mother bare him after Absalom — His mother Haggith bore him after Maacah had borne Absalom.

V. 7. They helped-Either because they thought the right of the crown was his: or to secure and advance their own interest. It seems God left them to themselves, to correct them for former miscarriages, with a rod of their own making.

Verse 7. And he conferred with Joab] Joab well knew, if he made the new king, he would necessarily be continued in the command of the army, and so govern him.

Verses 6, 7. His father had not displeased him at any time — This is mentioned as David’s great error, and the occasion of Adonijah’s presumption. In saying, Why hast thou done so? — He had neither restrained him from, nor reproved him for his miscarriages, which David knew was a great sin. He also was a very goodly man — This was a second ground of his confidence, because his great comeliness made him amiable in the people’s eyes. His mother bare him after Absalom — This is mentioned as a third reason why he expected the crown. Absalom being dead, he was next to him in order of birth. See 2 Samuel 3:3, 4. He conferred with Joab and with Abiathar — Whom it is likely he knew to be two discontented persons; the former on account of David’s putting Amasa in his place, and the other because he saw Zadok in greater favour than himself. They helped him — Probably, not so much because they thought the right of the crown was his, as with a view to oppose Solomon, and to secure and advance their own interest. It seems that God left them to themselves, to correct them for former miscarriages, with a rod of their own making.

7. He conferred with Joab — Joab doubtless felt that he had lost the favour of David, (compare 2 Samuel 19:13,) but hoped to continue captain of the host if his help raised Adonijah to the throne, and therefore readily entered into the conspiracy. And with Abiathar — To many it has seemed strange that this priest, the friend of David in his wanderings, should have countenanced such conspiracy. His action probably grew out of jealousy towards Zadok, his associate in office, who received so much favour from David.

Verse 8. And Nathan] Some suppose that he was the preceptor of Solomon.

Verses 8-10. The mighty men were not with Adonijah — That is, those named 2 Samuel 23., and the guards, who had served under David so long, and had done such mighty acts in his reign and under his conduct. Adonijah had no hope of drawing them to his party, and therefore did not confer with them as he did with Joab and Abiathar. And called all his brethren and all the men of Judah — Except those mentioned verse 8, and again excepted, verse 10. But all the rest of the family of David, and the principal persons of the tribe of Judah, with the high-priest and captain of the host, being present, there seemed to be nothing wanting to the making of him king, but only his anointing. For this appears to have been a federal feast, in which they swore allegiance to Adonijah. But Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah, &c., he called not — Because he knew they favoured Solomon.

8. Zadok — This priest probably still officiated at Gibeon. See note on 2 Samuel 6:17; 8:17. Shimei, and Rei — This Shimei is perhaps the same with the one mentioned 1 Kings 4:18; but there is nothing sufficiently positive to identify either of these names with any person mentioned elsewhere. Were not with Adonijah — This statement contains a tacit intimation that these mighty men of David had been approached by Adonijah, or by some of his abettors, and solicited to join the party, and help carry out the treasonable projects of that aspiring youth.

Verse 9. Slew sheep and oven] Making a royal feast, in reference to his inauguration. As he had Abiathar the priest with him, no doubt these animals were offered sacrificially, and then the guests fed on the flesh of the victims. He had not only a splendid feast, but a great sacrifice; and he gave by this a popular colour to his pretensions, by affecting to receive his authority from God.

Verses 8-10. The mighty men were not with Adonijah — That is, those named 2 Samuel 23., and the guards, who had served under David so long, and had done such mighty acts in his reign and under his conduct. Adonijah had no hope of drawing them to his party, and therefore did not confer with them as he did with Joab and Abiathar. And called all his brethren and all the men of Judah — Except those mentioned verse 8, and again excepted, verse 10. But all the rest of the family of David, and the principal persons of the tribe of Judah, with the high-priest and captain of the host, being present, there seemed to be nothing wanting to the making of him king, but only his anointing. For this appears to have been a federal feast, in which they swore allegiance to Adonijah. But Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah, &c., he called not — Because he knew they favoured Solomon.

9. Adonijah slew sheep — “Thus also imitating Absalom, who, in order to cover his sin with the cloak of religion, and to ingratiate himself with those whom he invited to the banquet, began his rebellion with a sacrificial feast. 2 Samuel 15:12.” — Wordsworth. Stone of Zoheleth — Hebrew, stone of the serpent, perhaps so called from the slaughter of a serpent by it. Or, stone of the conduit, so called from its proximity to some conduit where water flowed. It is identified by Mr. Ganneau with a rock in the Kedron valley near to the Fountain of the Virgin, which the Arabs still call Zehwele. Like the stone Ezel, (1 Samuel 20:19,) it was a spot familiar to the writer and his contemporaries. Enrogel — Probably identical with the “Fountain of the Virgin,” in the valley of the Kedron. See note on Joshua 15:7.

V. 10. Called not-Because he knew they favoured Solomon his competitor.

Verses 8-10. The mighty men were not with Adonijah — That is, those named 2 Samuel 23., and the guards, who had served under David so long, and had done such mighty acts in his reign and under his conduct. Adonijah had no hope of drawing them to his party, and therefore did not confer with them as he did with Joab and Abiathar. And called all his brethren and all the men of Judah — Except those mentioned verse 8, and again excepted, verse 10. But all the rest of the family of David, and the principal persons of the tribe of Judah, with the high-priest and captain of the host, being present, there seemed to be nothing wanting to the making of him king, but only his anointing. For this appears to have been a federal feast, in which they swore allegiance to Adonijah. But Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah, &c., he called not — Because he knew they favoured Solomon.

10. He called not — For he well knew that they would not favour his plans, but would rather oppose and thwart them with a power not easy to resist.

V. 11. Nathan spake-Being prompted to it both by his piety in fulfilling the will of God declared to him, concerning Solomon’s succession, 2 Samuel 7:13, and by his prudence, knowing that Adonijah hated him for being the principal instrument of Solomon’s advancement. Bathsheba-Who being retired and private in her apartment, was ignorant of what was done abroad: and, who was likely to be most zealous in the cause, and most prevalent with David.

Verse 11. Hast thou not heard that Adonijah the son of Haggith doth reign] He was now considered as being legally appointed to the regal office, and no doubt was about to begin to perform its functions.

Verse 11. Nathan spake unto Bath-sheba — Who, being private and retired in her apartment, was ignorant of what was done abroad; and who was likely to be most zealous in the cause, and most prevalent with David. To her Nathan was induced to speak, both by his piety, that he might fulfil the will of God declared to him concerning Solomon’s succession, 2 Samuel 7:13; and by his prudence, knowing that Adonijah hated him for being the principal instrument of Solomon’s advancement. That Adonijah doth reign — It seems they were so bold as to proclaim him king.

Ver. 11. Nathan spake to Bathsheba. This holy man was tutor to Solomon.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

Verse 12. Save thine own life, and the life of thy son] Nathan took for granted that Adonijah would put both Bath-sheba and Solomon to death as state criminals, if he got established on the throne. O cursed lust of rule! a father will destroy his son, a son depose his father, and a brother murder a brother, in order to obtain a crown! At this time the monarchy of Israel was unsettled; no man knew who was to succeed to the crown, and the minds of the people were as unsettled as the succession. I have examined both systems, and find that, with all its alleged disadvantages, hereditary monarchy has a high balance of evidence in its favour beyond that which is elective, and is every way more safe for the state and more secure for the subject.

12. Save thine own life — If Adonijah became king, he would doubtless, according to the barbarous custom of Oriental monarchs, destroy all persons suspected of claiming a title to the kingdom, and therefore the lives of Solomon and his mother would be in peril.

Verse 13. Go and get thee in unto King David] He knew that this woman had a sovereign influence over the king. If Bath-sheba was a source of pleasure to David, must she not also have been a source of pain to him? For could he ever forget the guilty manner in which he acquired her? Didst not thou-swear] It is very likely that David made such an oath, and that was known only to Bath-sheba and Nathan. It is nowhere else mentioned.

Verses 13-15. Didst thou not, O king, swear unto thy handmaid? — We do not read anywhere else of this oath: but, no doubt, David had solemnly sworn to her that he would make her son his successor, knowing that God himself had designed him to that honour. And it is probable that Adonijah was not an entire stranger to what God had declared to Nathan and David on this subject: and if so, his crime was the greater in setting himself to oppose the decree of heaven. Indeed he acknowledges as much, 1 Kings 2:15. The king was very old — And therefore, probably, could not see so as to discern who had entered the chamber till Abishag, who ministered unto him, informed him.

13. Didst not thou… swear — According to 1 Chronicles 22:9, the Lord had foretold to David the birth and name and destiny of Solomon. Before his birth, then, this child of Bathsheba had been chosen of God to succeed David on the throne of Israel, and it is therefore but natural to suppose, though we find no express record of it, that in accordance with the Divine oracle, David had sworn to Bathsheba as is here stated.

Verses 13-15. Didst thou not, O king, swear unto thy handmaid? — We do not read anywhere else of this oath: but, no doubt, David had solemnly sworn to her that he would make her son his successor, knowing that God himself had designed him to that honour. And it is probable that Adonijah was not an entire stranger to what God had declared to Nathan and David on this subject: and if so, his crime was the greater in setting himself to oppose the decree of heaven. Indeed he acknowledges as much, 1 Kings 2:15. The king was very old — And therefore, probably, could not see so as to discern who had entered the chamber till Abishag, who ministered unto him, informed him.

14. Confirm thy words — Hebrew, as margin, fill up; that is, complete, in the same sense as fulfilling, and thereby confirming a prophecy.

Verses 13-15. Didst thou not, O king, swear unto thy handmaid? — We do not read anywhere else of this oath: but, no doubt, David had solemnly sworn to her that he would make her son his successor, knowing that God himself had designed him to that honour. And it is probable that Adonijah was not an entire stranger to what God had declared to Nathan and David on this subject: and if so, his crime was the greater in setting himself to oppose the decree of heaven. Indeed he acknowledges as much, 1 Kings 2:15. The king was very old — And therefore, probably, could not see so as to discern who had entered the chamber till Abishag, who ministered unto him, informed him.

15. Into the chamber — Into the bedchamber, where, on account of his age and infirmities, the king was obliged to keep himself.

16. Bathsheba bowed, and did obeisance — Though the wife of his fondest love, she is careful to observe the etiquette of those who appear in the royal presence. Nathan the prophet shows the same respect and reverence. Verse 23. What wouldest thou — There was something in the manner of her presenting herself that impressed the king that she had a request to make.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

Verses 19, 20. Solomon thy servant — She speaks very submissively, and calls herself his handmaid, and her son his servant. The eyes of all Israel are upon thee — This she said that she might free him from all fear of such a rebellion as Absalom raised; the people not being yet joined to Adonijah, but continuing in suspense till the king had declared his mind about his successor.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

Verse 20. That thou shouldest tell-who shall sit on the throne] This was a monarchy neither hereditary nor elective; the king simply named his successor. This obtained less or more, anciently, in most countries.

Verses 19, 20. Solomon thy servant — She speaks very submissively, and calls herself his handmaid, and her son his servant. The eyes of all Israel are upon thee — This she said that she might free him from all fear of such a rebellion as Absalom raised; the people not being yet joined to Adonijah, but continuing in suspense till the king had declared his mind about his successor.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

Verse 21. Shall be counted offenders.] When Adonijah and his party shall find that I and my son have had this promise from thee by oath, he will slay us both.

Ver. 21. I and my son Solomon shall be counted offenders: I an adulteress, and he a son of spurious birth. Bathsheba was a woman of a strong and penetrating mind.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

V. 26. But me-Whom he knew to be acquainted with thy mind, and with the mind of God in this matter: and therefore his neglect of me herein gives me cause to suspect that this is done without thy privity.

Verses 26, 27. But me hath he not called — Whom he knew to be acquainted with thy mind, and with the mind of God in this matter; and therefore his neglect of me herein gives me cause to suspect that this is done without thy knowledge. Thou hast not showed it to thy servant — Who, having been an instrument in delivering God’s message to thee concerning thy successor, might reasonably expect that if thou hadst changed thy mind, thou wouldest have acquainted me with it, as being both a prophet of the Lord, and one whom thou hast found faithful to thee. He insinuates that, in a matter of such importance, he could not believe the king would act without his advice, whom he was wont to consult on other occasions, and who had acquainted him with the mind of God concerning Solomon. Nathan knew that David had given no orders about this thing, but thought it prudent to introduce in this manner a relation of what Adonijah had done.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

V. 27. Shewed thy servant-Who, having been an instrument in delivering God’s message to thee concerning thy successor, might reasonably expect that if the king had changed his mind, thou wouldest have acquainted me with it, as being both a prophet os the Lord, and one whom thou hast always found faithful to thee.

Verses 26, 27. But me hath he not called — Whom he knew to be acquainted with thy mind, and with the mind of God in this matter; and therefore his neglect of me herein gives me cause to suspect that this is done without thy knowledge. Thou hast not showed it to thy servant — Who, having been an instrument in delivering God’s message to thee concerning thy successor, might reasonably expect that if thou hadst changed thy mind, thou wouldest have acquainted me with it, as being both a prophet of the Lord, and one whom thou hast found faithful to thee. He insinuates that, in a matter of such importance, he could not believe the king would act without his advice, whom he was wont to consult on other occasions, and who had acquainted him with the mind of God concerning Solomon. Nathan knew that David had given no orders about this thing, but thought it prudent to introduce in this manner a relation of what Adonijah had done.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

V. 28. Call Bathsheba-Who, upon Nathan’s approach to the king had modestly withdrawn.

Verse 28. Call me Bath-sheba.] She had gone out when Nathan came in, and he retired when she was re-admitted. Each had a separate audience, but to Nathan the king did not express any will.

Verses 28, 29. King David said, Call Bath-sheba — Who, upon Nathan’s approach to the king, had modestly withdrawn. That hath redeemed my soul out of all distress — The words contain a grateful acknowledgment of the goodness of God to him, in bringing him safe through the many difficulties that had lain in his way, and which he now mentions to the glory of God, (as Jacob when he lay a dying,) thus setting to his seal, from his own experience, that the Lord redeemeth the souls of his servants.

28. Call me Bathsheba — She had withdrawn from the king’s presence at the entrance of Nathan, and, as we see from verse 32, he in turn retired when she was readmitted. This was done in accordance with the rules of court propriety, and also to avoid the appearance of mutual concert between them.

V. 29. Out of all distress-The words contain a grateful acknowledgement of the goodness of God to him, in bringing him safe through the many difficulties, which had lain in his way, and which he now mentions to the glory of God, (as Jacob when he lay a dying) thus setting to his seal, from his own experience that the Lord redeemeth the souls of his servants.

Verses 28, 29. King David said, Call Bath-sheba — Who, upon Nathan’s approach to the king, had modestly withdrawn. That hath redeemed my soul out of all distress — The words contain a grateful acknowledgment of the goodness of God to him, in bringing him safe through the many difficulties that had lain in his way, and which he now mentions to the glory of God, (as Jacob when he lay a dying,) thus setting to his seal, from his own experience, that the Lord redeemeth the souls of his servants.

29. Hath redeemed my soul out of all distress — Many had been David’s deliverances from danger; but here, as he reaffirms this oath before that woman with whom, and for whose sake, he had perpetrated the darkest sins of his life, we should understand a special allusion to the bitter soul-agonies which resulted from those crimes: for it was at the time of his redemption and deliverance from those agonies that Jehovah had foretold to him the birth and destiny of Solomon. 2 Samuel 12.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

V. 31. Live for ever-Though I desire thy oath may be kept, and the right of succession confirmed to my son, yet I am far from thirsting after thy death, and would rather rejoice, if it were possible for thee to live and enjoy the crown for ever.

Verse 31. Let my lord King David live for ever — Though I desire thy oath may be kept, and the right of succession confirmed to my son, yet I am far from thirsting after thy death, and should rather rejoice, if it were possible, for thee to live and enjoy thy crown for ever. There could be no higher expression of love and thankfulness, than to desire never to see Solomon on the throne, if it were possible for David always to enjoy it.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

V. 33. My mule-As a token that the royal dignity is transferred upon Solomon, and that by my consent. Gihon-A river near Jerusalem, on the west side. Adonijah was inaugurated on the east side. This place David chose, either, as remote from Adonijah and his company, that so the people might be there without fear of tumults or bloodshed; or, to shew that Solomon was chosen king in opposition to Adonijah: or, because this was a place of great resort, and fit to receive and display that numerous company, which he knew would follow Solomon thither.

Verse 33. Take with you the servants of your lord] By these we may understand the kings guards, the guards of the city, the Cherethites and Pelethites, who were under the command of Benaiah; and in short, all the disposable force that was at hand.

Solomon-to ride upon mine own mule] No subject could use any thing that belonged to the prince, without forfeiting his life. As David offered Solomon to ride on his own mule, this was full evidence that he had appointed him his successor.

Verse 33. Take with you the servants of your lord — His constant guards, the Cherethites and Pelethites, verse 38. Cause Solomon to ride upon mine own mule — As a token that the royal dignity is transferred upon him, and that by my consent. The rest of David’s sons were wont to ride upon mules when they went abroad, 2 Samuel 13:29. And Absalom rode on a mule when he was hanged in the oak. But David had a mule peculiarly reserved for himself alone; on which Solomon’s being set, was considered as the beginning of his kingly power, no private person whatsoever being permitted to ride upon the king’s mule. “It was capital,” says Maimonides, “to ride on the king’s ass or mule, to sit upon his throne, or to handle his sceptre without his order.” On the contrary, it appears from the story of Mordecai, (Esther 6.,) that to have the honour to ride on the king’s beast by his appointment, was accounted the highest dignity among the Persians. Bring him down to Gihon — A little river or brook near Jerusalem, on the west side, which discharged itself into the brook Kidron, and in the Chaldee is called by its modern name, Siloa. If we may credit Maimonides, and other rabbis, the kings of the house of David were all obliged, to be anointed by the side of a fountain or river; which, they say, was the reason why David commanded his servants to bring his son down to Gihon, and anoint him there. Such a situation for anointing their kings, the Jews say, was chosen to show the perpetuity of their kingdom, because rivers run always, though the cities which they wash are continually decaying, and liable to destruction. But it is much more probable that this place was fixed on, because it was near Jerusalem, and a place of great resort, and capable of containing and displaying that numerous company, which David knew would follow Solomon thither. And being on the west side of the city, it was remote from Adonijah, who was inaugurated on the east side, and from his company, and therefore the people could assemble here without fear of tumults or bloodshed.

Ver. 33. Bring him down to Gihon, the great fount above Jerusalem, described in 2 Chronicles 32:30. Adonijah had been inaugurated at the opposite fount of Rogel.

33. Mine own mule — To ride upon the king’s mule was almost equivalent to being crowned. In the Eastern mind it was an honour ever associated with that of wearing the royal apparel and the crown. Thus Mordecai received the highest marks of honour the king of Persia could bestow. Esther 6:8, 9. See cut of mules and note. 2 Samuel 13:29. Gihon — A reservoir at the head of the valley of Hinnom, about seven hundred yards northwest of the Yaffa gate of Jerusalem. Its length from east to west is about three hundred feet; its breadth about two hundred. This reservoir is, doubtless, identical with “the upper watercourse of Gihon,” or, more literally, “the outflow of the waters of the upper Gihon,” which, according to 2 Chronicles 32:30, Hezekiah “brought straight down to the west side of the city of David.” At the present time, when in the rainy season this reservoir becomes full, its waters are conducted by an aqueduct to the vicinity of the Yaffa gate, and so to the pool of Hezekiah within the city. It is no valid objection to this view of the Gihon here named that it is on such high ground, as regards the city of David, that it would be incorrect to speak of bringing Solomon down to it, or coming up from it after him, (verse 35,) for any locality outside the holy city might be spoken of as down from that place, and from whatsoever quarter an Israelite came to Jerusalem he was accustomed to speak of it as a going up. Besides, being situated in the basin at the head of the Hinnom valley, it was naturally called “Gihon in the valley.” 2 Chronicles 33:14. The “lower pool,” mentioned by Isaiah, (Isaiah 22:9,) is probably the large broken reservoir still seen lower down in the same valley, and on the west side of the city, called by the Arabs Birket es-Sultan.

V. 34. Anoint-As they used to do where there was any thing new or extraordinary in the succession. And this unction signified both the designation of the persons to the office, and the gifts and graces which were necessary for their office, and which, they, seeking them sincerely from God, might expect to receive.

Verse 34. Blow ye with the trumpet] After he has been anointed, make proclamation that he is king.

Verse 34. Let Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anoint him — That is, say the Jews, one of them poured out the oil, and the other anointed his head, drawing a circle round about it with oil, according to their maxim that their kings were anointed in the form of a crown, to denote their delegation to the royal dignity. It is of more importance to observe, that this unction signified not only the designation of the person anointed to his office, but the gifts and graces which were necessary to qualify him for it, and which, seeking them sincerely of God, he might expect to receive. “We do not find,” says Henry, “that Abiathar pretended to anoint Adonijah: he was made king by a feast, not by unction. Whom God calls, he will qualify, which was signified by the anointing: usurpers had it not. Christ signifies anointed, and he is the king whom God hath set upon his holy hill of Zion, according to the decree, Psalm 2:6, 7. Christians, also, are made to our God, and by him, kings, and they have an unction from the Holy One, 1 John 2:20.”

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

V. 35. My stead-My deputy and vice-king whilst I live, and absolutely king when I die. And Judah-This is added, lest the men of Judah, who were in a special manner invited by Adonijah, ver. 9, might think themselves exempted from his jurisdiction.

Verses 35, 36. Then ye shall come up after him, that he may sit on my throne — Ye shall attend upon him to Jerusalem, and give him actual possession of the throne. For he shall be king in my stead — My deputy and vice-king while I live, and absolutely king when I die. Over Israel and over Judah — The latter clause is added, lest the men of Judah, who were in a special manner invited by Adonijah, (verse 9,) should think themselves exempted from his jurisdiction. And Benaiah said, Amen — They all said the same, (verse 47,) not doubting but God would establish his authority.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

Verse 36. Sit upon my throne] The matter of conducting a business of this kind seems to have been this: 1. The king elect was placed on the mule of his predecessor, and caused to ride abroad to one of the public wells, or to a river where there was the greatest concourse of people, that they might see who he was that was appointed. Solomon was here taken to the river Gihon, in order to be anointed; the continual stream or constantly running fountain, denoting the perpetuity of the kingdom. 2. The priest and the prophet anointed him in the name of the Lord; and thereby signified that he should be endued with all the kingly virtues; that he should reign by, under, and for the Lord. 3. The trumpet was then to be blown, and solemn proclamation made, that he was anointed king. 4. He was then brought and solemnly placed on the throne, to signify that he had now assumed the reins of government, and was about to administer justice and judgement to the people.

Verses 35, 36. Then ye shall come up after him, that he may sit on my throne — Ye shall attend upon him to Jerusalem, and give him actual possession of the throne. For he shall be king in my stead — My deputy and vice-king while I live, and absolutely king when I die. Over Israel and over Judah — The latter clause is added, lest the men of Judah, who were in a special manner invited by Adonijah, (verse 9,) should think themselves exempted from his jurisdiction. And Benaiah said, Amen — They all said the same, (verse 47,) not doubting but God would establish his authority.

SOLOMON MADE KING, 11-40.

11. Nathan spake unto Bathsheba — That devout prophet had his eye upon the movements of Adonijah, and be took timely measures to frustrate his seditious projects. He was thoroughly acquainted with the private history of David’s relation and pledges to Bathsheba, and was well aware that no one could have such power over the king as she whom he loved above all women.

Verse 37. Make his throne greater than the throne of-David.] A wish of this kind a king will suffer in behalf of his son, but it is never in ordinary cases considered a compliment to say, “I hope this child will make a better man than his father,” because it seems to insinuate some reflections on his father’s conduct or character. Many foolish people deal in such compliments, and they may rest assured, for the reasons given above, that they are far from being either welcome or agreeable. Claudian, in his panegyric Deuteronomy Quarto Consulatu Honorii Augusti, ver. 428, has words something similar to those of Benaiah, when he describes a father, worn out with toils and difficulties, committing the reins of government to the hands of his son:—

Adspice, completur votum: jam natus adæquat

Te meritis; et, quod magis est optabile, vincit.

“Behold, thy desire is accomplished. Even now thy son equals thee in worth; and what is still more desirable, surpasses thee.”

37. Make his throne greater than the throne of… David — Such words as these would have stirred up jealousy and anger in many kings; but, as Theodoret remarks, Benaiah “knew that no one having a true father’s tenderness would be jealous of a child, and that it is characteristic of devoted fathers to wish their sons to appear more illustrious than themselves.”

38. Cherethites, and the Pelethites — See note on 2 Samuel 8:18.

Verse 39. Zadok-took a horn of oil] Pottery and glass were little in use in those times; and horns were frequently used to hold oil and wine. The oil used here was the holy anointing oil, which was laid up in the tabernacle, and which was used for the anointing of both priests and kings.

Verses 39, 40. Zadok took a horn of oil — A vessel of oil, as the Arabic translates it; which vessel was made of an ox’s horn, as Bochart observes; out of the tabernacle, and anointed Solomon — It rendered his unction more solemn, and his person more sacred, that he was anointed with holy oil taken out of the tabernacle: though the Jews are generally of opinion, that it was not necessary to anoint their kings with this holy oil made by Moses. So that the earth rent — An hyperbolical expression, to signify the very loud noise which the people made with their shouts and their pipes.

Ver. 39. Zadok the priest anointed Solomon. He was not as yet the highpriest, nor was it requisite. Samuel anointed David, and a prophet anointed Jehu. The Lord can send by whom he pleases to do his own work.

39. Oil out of the tabernacle — The holy anointing oil described in Exodus 30:22-33.

Verse 40. The people piped with pipes] They danced, sang, and played on what instruments of music they possessed.

The earth rent] We use a similar expression in precisely the same sense: They rent the air with their cries.

Verses 39, 40. Zadok took a horn of oil — A vessel of oil, as the Arabic translates it; which vessel was made of an ox’s horn, as Bochart observes; out of the tabernacle, and anointed Solomon — It rendered his unction more solemn, and his person more sacred, that he was anointed with holy oil taken out of the tabernacle: though the Jews are generally of opinion, that it was not necessary to anoint their kings with this holy oil made by Moses. So that the earth rent — An hyperbolical expression, to signify the very loud noise which the people made with their shouts and their pipes.

40. Pipes — See note and cuts on 1 Samuel 10:5. The earth rent with the sound — A hyperbolical expression to indicate the boundless joyfulness of the people on that occasion. From many facts recorded in the last half of the Second Book of Samuel it is not difficult to infer that the closing years of David’s reign were not popular in Israel. The growing infirmities of age prevented his appearing any more among the people; and though he held a large place in the nation’s heart, his voluntary resignation of the crown to Solomon, who had doubtless, by reason of his many amiable qualities, already become endeared to all who knew him, and the enthronization of that youthful prince, were an occasion of great rejoicings throughout the royal city. It was also a matter of rejoicing that there was no violent break in the succession. David enthrones Solomon by his own proclamation, so that, as Wordsworth beautifully says, “Solomon’s reign is to be regarded as a continuation of the reign of David his father. David’s reign did not end with David’s life, but it flowed on in the life of Solomon his son, for which it was a preparation. Thus the union of David and Solomon, as forming by their conjunction a typical representation of CHRIST, the king of the spiritual Zion, as a conqueror like David, and yet as the prince of peace like Solomon, is made more manifest.” So in the harmony of the Divine dispensations the kingdom of Israel was continued, and is perpetuated in the more glorious kingdom of the Messiah.

ADONIJAH’S ALARM, 41-53.

41. Joab heard — The old warrior’s ear is quick to catch the first signal of alarm.

42. Jonathan the son of Abiathar — The fleet messenger that in the time of Absalom’s rebellion had been the bearer of important tidings. See 2 Samuel 15:27, 28, 36; 17:16-21. He announces his tidings most vividly, and with greatest accuracy of detail.

Verse 43. Jonathan answered] He was properly a messenger about the court; we have met with him and Ahimaaz before, 2 Samuel 15:36. He had now been an observer, if not a spy, on all that was doing, and relates the transactions to Adonijah, in the very order in which they took place.

1. David has nominated Solomon his successor.

2. Zadok, Nathan, and Benaiah, have been appointed to set him on the king’s mule.

3. They have taken him to Gihon, and anointed him there.

4. They have brought him up to Jerusalem and placed him on the throne of the kingdom.

ADONIJAH’S ALARM, 41-53.

41. Joab heard — The old warrior’s ear is quick to catch the first signal of alarm.

ADONIJAH’S ALARM, 41-53.

41. Joab heard — The old warrior’s ear is quick to catch the first signal of alarm.

ADONIJAH’S ALARM, 41-53.

41. Joab heard — The old warrior’s ear is quick to catch the first signal of alarm.

Verses 46-48. Also Solomon sitteth on the throne — Being in actual possession of the kingdom, though his father be alive. For to sit upon the throne was proper to the king; and none else, on pain of death, might be placed there. The king bowed himself upon the bed — Adoring God for this great mercy, and thereby declaring his hearty consent to this action. And also thus said the king, Blessed be the Lord, &c. — He gave his solemn thanks to God for the happiness of seeing Solomon begin his reign, with such affection of his people as they expressed by their joy at his inauguration. It is a great satisfaction to good men, when they are going out of the world, to see their children rising up in their stead, to serve God in their generation: and especially to see peace upon Israel, and the establishment of it.

ADONIJAH’S ALARM, 41-53.

41. Joab heard — The old warrior’s ear is quick to catch the first signal of alarm.

V. 47. Bowed himself-Adoring God for this great mercy, and thereby declaring his hearty consent to this action.

Verse 47. Moreover, the king’s servants came] The king himself was at this time confined to his own house, and probably to his bed, and could not possibly see these ceremonies; therefore his confidential servants came and told him. We know not how Jonathan, in so short a time, possessed himself of so much information.

Verses 46-48. Also Solomon sitteth on the throne — Being in actual possession of the kingdom, though his father be alive. For to sit upon the throne was proper to the king; and none else, on pain of death, might be placed there. The king bowed himself upon the bed — Adoring God for this great mercy, and thereby declaring his hearty consent to this action. And also thus said the king, Blessed be the Lord, &c. — He gave his solemn thanks to God for the happiness of seeing Solomon begin his reign, with such affection of his people as they expressed by their joy at his inauguration. It is a great satisfaction to good men, when they are going out of the world, to see their children rising up in their stead, to serve God in their generation: and especially to see peace upon Israel, and the establishment of it.

ADONIJAH’S ALARM, 41-53.

41. Joab heard — The old warrior’s ear is quick to catch the first signal of alarm.

V. 48. Blessed, &c.-It is a great satisfaction to good men, when they are going out of the world, to see their children rising up in their stead, to serve God and their generation: and especially to see peace upon Israel, and the establishment of it.

Verses 46-48. Also Solomon sitteth on the throne — Being in actual possession of the kingdom, though his father be alive. For to sit upon the throne was proper to the king; and none else, on pain of death, might be placed there. The king bowed himself upon the bed — Adoring God for this great mercy, and thereby declaring his hearty consent to this action. And also thus said the king, Blessed be the Lord, &c. — He gave his solemn thanks to God for the happiness of seeing Solomon begin his reign, with such affection of his people as they expressed by their joy at his inauguration. It is a great satisfaction to good men, when they are going out of the world, to see their children rising up in their stead, to serve God in their generation: and especially to see peace upon Israel, and the establishment of it.

ADONIJAH’S ALARM, 41-53.

41. Joab heard — The old warrior’s ear is quick to catch the first signal of alarm.

ADONIJAH’S ALARM, 41-53.

41. Joab heard — The old warrior’s ear is quick to catch the first signal of alarm.

Verse 50. Adonijah feared] He knew he had usurped the kingdom, and had not his father’s consent; and, as he finds now that Solomon is appointed by David, he knows well that the people will immediately respect that appointment, and that his case is hopeless; he therefore took sanctuary, and, fleeing to the tabernacle, laid hold on one of the horns of the altar, as if appealing to the protection of God against the violence of men. The altar was a privileged place, and it was deemed sacrilege to molest a man who had taken refuge there. See 1 Kings 2:28.

Verses 50, 51. Adonijah feared, &c. — He fled to the altar for protection and safety, it being a privileged place; not, indeed, by the appointment of the law, but by the custom of all nations. And caught hold on the horns of the altar — With a resolution, it seems, of not stirring therefrom till Solomon had given his oath, or solemn word, not to take away his life. And by thus doing Adonijah appears to have hindered the offering of sacrifices on the altar till such time as Solomon granted his pardon. Let King Solomon swear that he will not slay his servant — He owns Solomon as his king, and himself as his servant and subject; and being sensible of his guilt, and of the jealousy which kings have of their competitors, could not be satisfied without Solomon’s oath.

Ver. 50. Adonijah—caught hold on the horns of the altar. He fled to Gibeon, for the altar and tabernacle were there, though the ark was in Zion. 2 Chronicles 1:3. The altar of the Hebrews was a refuge, till a man’s case was heard. Exodus 21:14. Isaiah likewise distinguishes Christ the true refuge, from the refuge of lies. The pagan altars were also places of refuge. So Virgil: Talibus orabat dictis, arásque tenebat. In such words he prayed, holding the altar: Æneid. lib. 6. line 124. Christian churches, after the age of Constantine, were long regarded as places of refuge.

50. Adonijah feared — For he judged Solomon by himself, and had he obtained the kingdom, Solomon would doubtless speedily have been destroyed. He also knew that he was guilty of conspiracy against the lawful authority of the king, his father. Caught hold on the horns of the altar — The altar in the tabernacle on Zion, where Abiathar officiated, who, according to verse 7, was in sympathy with the ambitious prince, and whose friendly services Adonijah probably expected to receive. The horns of the altar were the emblems of security, and indicated the saving strength and grace of God, so that it was sacrilege to commit violence on any person who fled there for safety, unless he were guilty of the most flagrant crime. Compare Exodus 21:14.

V. 51. His servants-He owns Solomon as his king, and himself as his servant and subject; and being sensible of his guilt, and of the jealousy which kings have of their competitors, could not be satisfied without Solomon’s oath.

Verses 50, 51. Adonijah feared, &c. — He fled to the altar for protection and safety, it being a privileged place; not, indeed, by the appointment of the law, but by the custom of all nations. And caught hold on the horns of the altar — With a resolution, it seems, of not stirring therefrom till Solomon had given his oath, or solemn word, not to take away his life. And by thus doing Adonijah appears to have hindered the offering of sacrifices on the altar till such time as Solomon granted his pardon. Let King Solomon swear that he will not slay his servant — He owns Solomon as his king, and himself as his servant and subject; and being sensible of his guilt, and of the jealousy which kings have of their competitors, could not be satisfied without Solomon’s oath.

ADONIJAH’S ALARM, 41-53.

41. Joab heard — The old warrior’s ear is quick to catch the first signal of alarm.

Verse 52. If he will show himself a worthy man] If, from henceforth, he behave well, show himself to be contented, and not endeavour to make partisans, or stir up insurrections among the people, he shall be safe; but if wickedness be found in him-if he act at all contrary to this-he shall die; his blood shall be upon him.

Verses 52, 53. And Solomon said, &c. — Solomon did not swear unto him, as he desired, but only declared that he gave him a full pardon for what was past, on condition that he behaved himself as became a good subject for the time to come. But if wickedness be found in him, he shall die — That is, if he did any thing in future which manifested that he had still a rebellious mind, the pardon, now granted, should signify nothing, because he had broken the condition of it. He came and bowed himself to King Solomon — Thereby owning him for his sovereign, such respect not being otherwise due from one brother to another. And Solomon said unto him, Go to thy house — There to lead a private life, without noise, equipage, or numerous attendants, and not meddling with the affairs of the kingdom.

52. Show himself a worthy man — Atone for his past misconduct by showing henceforth a thorough loyalty to Solomon. There shall not a hair of him fall — Thus the first official act of the new king’s reign is one of magnanimity, and indicative of a gracious and peaceful rule. If wickedness… be found in him — Especially, any attempts upon the rights, prerogatives, or authority of the reigning king. But Adonijah’s restless spirit soon led him to ruin. See 1 Kings 2:13-25.

V. 53. Go to thine house-Lead a private life, without noise and numerous attendants, and meddle not with the affairs of the kingdom.

Verse 53. Go to thine house.] Intimating that he should have no place about the king’s person, nor under the government. Adonijah must have seen that he stood continually on his good behaviour. Friar Bacon’s method of restoring and strengthening the Natural Heat “I have read many volumes of the wise: I find few things in physic which restore the natural heat, weakened by dissolution of the innate moisture, or increase of a foreign one.

“But certain wise men have tacitly made mention of some medicine, which is likened to that which goes out of the mine of the noble animal. They affirm that in it there is a force and virtue which restores and increases the natural heat. As to its disposition, they say it is like youth itself, and contains an equal and temperate complexion.

“And the signs of a temperate complexion in men are when their colour is made up of white and red, when the hair is yellow, inclined to redness and curling.

“This medicine indeed is like to such a complexion, for it is of a temperate heat: its flame is temperate and sweet, and grateful to the smell. When it departs from this temperature, it departs so far from its virtue and goodness.

“This medicine therefore temperately heats, because it is temperately hot; it therefore heals because it is whole. When it is sick, it makes a man sick; when it is distempered, it breeds distempers, and changes the body to its own disposition, because of the similitude it has with the body.

“For the infirmity of a brute animal rarely passes into a man, but into another animal of the same kind; but the infirmity of man passes into man; and so does health, because of likeness. “This thing is seldom found; and although sometimes it be found, yet it cannot commodiously be had of all men.

“Now, when this thing is like to youth, that is, of temperate complexion, it has good operations; if its temperature be better, it produces better effects: sometimes it is even in the highest degree of its perfection, and then it operates best; and then there is that property whereof we have spoken before.

“This differs from other medicines and nutriments, which heat and moisten after a certain temperate manner, and are good for old men. For other medicines principally heat and moisten the body; and, secondarily, they strengthen the native heat, and after that refresh the body, by moistening and heating it. For it brings back this heat in old men, who have it but weakly and deficient, to a certain stronger and more vehement power.

“If a plaster be made hereof, and applied to the stomach, it will help very much, for it will refresh the stomach itself, and excite an appetite; it will very much recreate an old man, and change him to a kind of youth; and will make complexions, by what means soever depraved or corrupted, better. But it is to be observed, that Venus doth weaken and diminish the power and virtue of this thing! “And it is very likely that the son of the prince, in his second canon of the Operations of Simple Medicines spoke of this thing, where he saith, that there is a certain medicine, concealed by wise men, lest the incontinent should offend their Creator. There is such a heat in this thing, as is in young men of sound complexion; and if I durst declare the properties of this heat, this most hidden secret should presently be revealed. For this heat doth help the palsical, it restores and preserves the wasted strength of the native heat, and causeth it to flourish in all the members, and gently revives the aged.

“But the simple medicine which restores the native heat, when wasted and weakened, is that which is likened to the complexion of a healthy young man.”

All this covered and enigmatical description is intended simply to point out that very medicine recommended by the Jewish physicians to restore and invigorate the dying king. I could show the bearing of every sentence, but I must leave something to the good sense of my readers. By attending to the words in italics, the sense will be more easily discovered. See Clarke’s note on “Ruth 4:16”.

I KINGS

Verses 52, 53. And Solomon said, &c. — Solomon did not swear unto him, as he desired, but only declared that he gave him a full pardon for what was past, on condition that he behaved himself as became a good subject for the time to come. But if wickedness be found in him, he shall die — That is, if he did any thing in future which manifested that he had still a rebellious mind, the pardon, now granted, should signify nothing, because he had broken the condition of it. He came and bowed himself to King Solomon — Thereby owning him for his sovereign, such respect not being otherwise due from one brother to another. And Solomon said unto him, Go to thy house — There to lead a private life, without noise, equipage, or numerous attendants, and not meddling with the affairs of the kingdom.

ADONIJAH’S ALARM, 41-53.

41. Joab heard — The old warrior’s ear is quick to catch the first signal of alarm.